Question:What kind of evidence do they give?

Answer:It uses witness statements and observations from videos. It then uses logic and practicality to question the idea that there was a lone shooter.

Highlight:

The multitude of videos that captured the event clearly indicate that at least one shooter was running a full auto weapons system. Such weapons are almost impossible for “civilians” to acquire.

Question:What kind of evidence do they give?

Answer:It uses witness statements and observations from videos. It then uses logic and practicality to question the idea that there was a lone shooter.

Highlight:

Numerous reports from witnesses who were on the scene reveal that nearly all the exits were blocked.

Question:What kind of evidence do they give?

Answer:It uses witness statements and observations from videos. It then uses logic and practicality to question the idea that there was a lone shooter.

Highlight:

According to news reports, the shooter — identified as Stephen Paddock — had as many as 10 firearms in his room, including several rifles. If he was the only shooter, what’s the point of having so many rifles?

Question:What kind of evidence do they give?

Answer:It uses witness statements and observations from videos. It then uses logic and practicality to question the idea that there was a lone shooter.

Highlight:

I find the idea that a lone, elderly man would carry so many rifles to a hotel room for no practical reason to be highly suspicious. It makes no sense at all.

Question:What evidence is given for the primary claim? Select all that apply.

Answer:Other kind of evidence

Highlight:

I find the idea that a lone, elderly man would carry so many rifles to a hotel room for no practical reason to be highly suspicious. It makes no sense at all.

Question:What evidence is given for the primary claim? Select all that apply.

Answer:Other kind of evidence

Highlight:

According to news reports, the shooter — identified as Stephen Paddock — had as many as 10 firearms in his room, including several rifles. If he was the only shooter, what’s the point of having so many rifles?

Question:What evidence is given for the primary claim? Select all that apply.

Answer:Other kind of evidence

Highlight:

Numerous reports from witnesses who were on the scene reveal that nearly all the exits were blocked.

Question:What evidence is given for the primary claim? Select all that apply.

Answer:Other kind of evidence

Highlight:

The multitude of videos that captured the event clearly indicate that at least one shooter was running a full auto weapons system. Such weapons are almost impossible for “civilians” to acquire.

Question:What evidence is given for the primary claim? Select all that apply.

Answer:Other kind of evidence

Highlight:

It’s clear that neither of these two people were the shooter, as the shooter is a much taller Caucasian man. Thus, this is not a “lone gunman” massacre. There was coordination.

Question:What evidence is given for the primary claim? Select all that apply.

Answer:Other kind of evidence

Highlight:

One woman, who was at the Route 91 music event, claimed an unidentified woman had told other concert-goers they were “all going to die” after pushing her way to the front of the venue.

Question:What evidence is given for the primary claim? Select all that apply.

Answer:Other kind of evidence

Highlight:

If this shooting was carried out by multiple shooters, it would obviously indicate planning and coordination among a group of people who sought to carry out the shooting for a political purpose of some kind.

Question:What evidence is given for the primary claim? Select all that apply.

Answer:Other kind of evidence

Highlight:

multiple witnesses are openly reporting the presence of multiple shooters.

CredCo Indicator:Inference - Type of Claims

Question:Is a general or singular causal claim made? Highlight the section(s) that supports your answer.

Answer:No Causal Claim

CredCo Indicator:Tone - Exaggerated Claims

Question:Does the author exaggerate any claims? If so, highlight the relevant section(s).

Answer:No

CredCo Indicator:Tone - Emotionally Charged

Question:Does the article have an emotionally charged tone? (i.e, outrage, snark, celebration, horror, etc.). If so, highlight the relevant section(s).

Answer:Sort of

Highlight:

It makes no sense at all.

CredCo Indicator:Tone - Emotionally Charged

Question:Does the article have an emotionally charged tone? (i.e, outrage, snark, celebration, horror, etc.). If so, highlight the relevant section(s).

Answer:Sort of

Highlight:

it would obviously indicate

CredCo Indicator:Logical Fallacies - Naturalistic

Question:Does the author suggest that something is good because it is natural, or bad because it is not natural (the naturalistic fallacy)?

Answer:No

CredCo Indicator:Logical Fallacies - Appeal to Fear

Question:Does the author exaggerate the dangers of a situation and use scare tactics to persuade (the appeal to fear fallacy)?

Answer:No

CredCo Indicator:Logical Fallacies - Slippery Slope

Question:Does the author say that one small change will lead to a major change (use a slippery slope argument)? Highlight the relevant section(s).

Answer:No

CredCo Indicator:Logical Fallacies - False Dilemma

Question:Does the author present a complicated choice as if it were binary (construct a false dilemma)? If so, highlight the relevant section(s).

Answer:No

CredCo Indicator:Logical Fallacies - Straw Man

Question:Does the author present the counterargument as a weaker, more foolish version of the real counterargument (use a Straw Man Argument)? If so, highlight the relevant section(s).

Answer:No

CredCo Indicator:Confidence - Acknowledge Uncertainty

Question:Do they acknowledge uncertainty or the possibility that things might be otherwise? If so, highlight the relevant section(s).

Answer:Sort of

Highlight:

Although some pre-1986 full auto weapons are available for sale, they require extensive ATF documentation, background checks and extremely long wait periods approaching one year. Plus, they tend to cost $25,000 or more, and they’re extremely rare.

CredCo Indicator:Confidence - Acknowledge Uncertainty

Question:Do they acknowledge uncertainty or the possibility that things might be otherwise? If so, highlight the relevant section(s).

Answer:Sort of

Highlight:

This could reasonably be the result of confusion and chaos,

CredCo Indicator:Confidence - Extent Claims Justified

Question:To what extent does their confidence in their claims seem justified?

Answer:Somewhat justified

CredCo Indicator:Citation of Organizations

Question:Highlight each organization cited:

Answer:Cited Organization 4

Highlight:

Fox News,

CredCo Indicator:Citation of Organizations

Question:Highlight each organization cited:

Answer:Cited Organization 3

Highlight:

Clark County Sheriff in Vegas,

CredCo Indicator:Citation of Organizations

Question:Highlight each organization cited:

Answer:Cited Organization 2

Highlight:

UK Express:

CredCo Indicator:Citation of Organizations

Question:Highlight each organization cited:

Answer:Cited Organization 1

Highlight:

law enforcement

Question:Which of the following types of sources are cited in the article? Check all that apply. If Other, please highlight.

Answer:Other

Highlight:

caller named Russell Bleck, who survived the shooting,

Question:Which of the following types of sources are cited in the article? Check all that apply. If Other, please highlight.

Answer:Other

Highlight:

Numerous reports from witnesses

Question:Which of the following types of sources are cited in the article? Check all that apply. If Other, please highlight.

Answer:Other

Highlight:

multitude of videos that captured the event

Question:Which of the following types of sources are cited in the article? Check all that apply. If Other, please highlight.

Answer:Other

Highlight:

multiple witnesses are openly reporting the presence of multiple shooters.

Question:Which of the following types of sources are cited in the article? Check all that apply. If Other, please highlight.

Answer:Other

Highlight:

unnamed witness, who was attending the event on her 21st birthday,

Question:Which of the following types of sources are cited in the article? Check all that apply. If Other, please highlight.

Answer:Organizations

CredCo Indicator:Single Study Article

Question:Is this article primarily about a single scientific study?

Answer:No

CredCo Indicator:Clickbait Title

Question:What clickbait techniques does this headline employ (select all that apply)?

Answer:Hidden secret or trick (“Fitness Companies Hate Him...”, “Experts are Dying to Know Their Secret”)

Highlight:

just don’t add up about the Las Vegas mass shooting

CredCo Indicator:Clickbait Title

Question:What clickbait techniques does this headline employ (select all that apply)?

Answer:Listicle (“6 Tips on …”)

Highlight:

Five things

CredCo Indicator:Clickbait Title

Question:Is the headline clickbaity?

Answer:Very much clickbaity

CredCo Indicator:Title Representativeness

Question:Question: Does the title of the article accurately reflect the content of the article?

Answer:Completely Representative

Question:Rate your impression of the credibility of this article

Answer:Medium credibility

CredCo Indicator:Inference - Convincing Evidence

Question:How convincing do you find the evidence given for the primary claim?

Answer:Not at All Convincing

Question:What evidence is given for the primary claim? Select all that apply.

Answer:No evidence given

CredCo Indicator:Inference - Type of Claims

Question:Is a general or singular causal claim made? Highlight the section(s) that supports your answer.

Answer:No Causal Claim

CredCo Indicator:Tone - Exaggerated Claims

Question:Does the author exaggerate any claims? If so, highlight the relevant section(s).

Answer:No

CredCo Indicator:Tone - Emotionally Charged

Question:Does the article have an emotionally charged tone? (i.e, outrage, snark, celebration, horror, etc.). If so, highlight the relevant section(s).

Answer:Yes

Highlight:

hypocrites!"

CredCo Indicator:Tone - Emotionally Charged

Question:Does the article have an emotionally charged tone? (i.e, outrage, snark, celebration, horror, etc.). If so, highlight the relevant section(s).

Answer:Yes

Highlight:

Send the Republicans a message. Tell them "Repeal your own government-subsidized health care first,

CredCo Indicator:Tone - Emotionally Charged

Question:Does the article have an emotionally charged tone? (i.e, outrage, snark, celebration, horror, etc.). If so, highlight the relevant section(s).

Answer:Yes

Highlight:

So they want to take away health care from millions, but still keep their own sweetheart deal? No way.

CredCo Indicator:Logical Fallacies - Naturalistic

Question:Does the author suggest that something is good because it is natural, or bad because it is not natural (the naturalistic fallacy)?

Answer:No

CredCo Indicator:Logical Fallacies - Appeal to Fear

Question:Does the author exaggerate the dangers of a situation and use scare tactics to persuade (the appeal to fear fallacy)?

Answer:No

CredCo Indicator:Logical Fallacies - Slippery Slope

Question:Does the author say that one small change will lead to a major change (use a slippery slope argument)? Highlight the relevant section(s).

Answer:No

CredCo Indicator:Logical Fallacies - False Dilemma

Question:Does the author present a complicated choice as if it were binary (construct a false dilemma)? If so, highlight the relevant section(s).

Answer:No

CredCo Indicator:Logical Fallacies - Straw Man

Question:Does the author present the counterargument as a weaker, more foolish version of the real counterargument (use a Straw Man Argument)? If so, highlight the relevant section(s).

Answer:No

CredCo Indicator:Confidence - Acknowledge Uncertainty

Question:Do they acknowledge uncertainty or the possibility that things might be otherwise? If so, highlight the relevant section(s).

Answer:No

CredCo Indicator:Confidence - Extent Claims Justified

Question:To what extent does their confidence in their claims seem justified?

Answer:Not at all justified

Question:Which of the following types of sources are cited in the article? Check all that apply. If Other, please highlight.

Answer:None

CredCo Indicator:Single Study Article

Question:Is this article primarily about a single scientific study?

Answer:No

CredCo Indicator:Clickbait Title

Question:What clickbait techniques does this headline employ (select all that apply)?

Answer:Provoking emotions, such as shock or surprise (“...Shocking Result”, “...Leave You in Tears”)

Highlight:

hypocrites!

CredCo Indicator:Clickbait Title

Question:Is the headline clickbaity?

Answer:Somewhat clickbaity

CredCo Indicator:Title Representativeness

Question:Question: Does the title of the article accurately reflect the content of the article?

Answer:Somewhat Representative

Question:Rate your impression of the credibility of this article

Answer:Very low credibility

CredCo Indicator:Inference - Convincing Evidence

Question:How convincing do you find the evidence given for the primary claim?

Answer:Fairly Convincing

Question:What evidence is given for the primary claim? Select all that apply.

Answer:No evidence given

CredCo Indicator:Inference - Type of Claims

Question:Is a general or singular causal claim made? Highlight the section(s) that supports your answer.

Answer:No Causal Claim

CredCo Indicator:Tone - Exaggerated Claims

Question:Does the author exaggerate any claims? If so, highlight the relevant section(s).

Answer:No

CredCo Indicator:Tone - Emotionally Charged

Question:Does the article have an emotionally charged tone? (i.e, outrage, snark, celebration, horror, etc.). If so, highlight the relevant section(s).

Answer:No

CredCo Indicator:Logical Fallacies - Naturalistic

Question:Does the author suggest that something is good because it is natural, or bad because it is not natural (the naturalistic fallacy)?

Answer:No

CredCo Indicator:Logical Fallacies - Appeal to Fear

Question:Does the author exaggerate the dangers of a situation and use scare tactics to persuade (the appeal to fear fallacy)?

Answer:No

CredCo Indicator:Logical Fallacies - Slippery Slope

Question:Does the author say that one small change will lead to a major change (use a slippery slope argument)? Highlight the relevant section(s).

Answer:No

CredCo Indicator:Logical Fallacies - False Dilemma

Question:Does the author present a complicated choice as if it were binary (construct a false dilemma)? If so, highlight the relevant section(s).

Answer:No

CredCo Indicator:Logical Fallacies - Straw Man

Question:Does the author present the counterargument as a weaker, more foolish version of the real counterargument (use a Straw Man Argument)? If so, highlight the relevant section(s).

Answer:No

CredCo Indicator:Confidence - Acknowledge Uncertainty

Question:Do they acknowledge uncertainty or the possibility that things might be otherwise? If so, highlight the relevant section(s).

Answer:No

CredCo Indicator:Confidence - Extent Claims Justified

Question:To what extent does their confidence in their claims seem justified?

Answer:Mostly justified

CredCo Indicator:Quotes from Outside Experts

Question:Highlight each expert cited:

Answer:Expert 3

Highlight:

Åsmund Asdal at the Nordic Genetic Resource Centre, which operates the seed vault.

CredCo Indicator:Quotes from Outside Experts

Question:Highlight each expert cited:

Answer:Expert 2

Highlight:

Ketil Isaksen, from Norway’s Meteorological Institute.

CredCo Indicator:Quotes from Outside Experts

Question:Highlight each expert cited:

Answer:Expert 1

Highlight:

Hege Njaa Aschim, from the Norwegian government,

Question:Which of the following types of sources are cited in the article? Check all that apply. If Other, please highlight.

Answer:Experts

CredCo Indicator:Single Study Article

Question:Is this article primarily about a single scientific study?

Answer:No

CredCo Indicator:Clickbait Title

Question:Is the headline clickbaity?

Answer:Not at all clickbaity

CredCo Indicator:Title Representativeness

Question:Question: Does the title of the article accurately reflect the content of the article?

Answer:Somewhat Representative

Question:Rate your impression of the credibility of this article

Answer:Somewhat high credibility

CredCo Indicator:Inference - Convincing Evidence

Question:How convincing do you find the evidence given for the primary claim?

Answer:Moderately Convincing

Question:What evidence is given for the primary claim? Select all that apply.

Answer:An experimental study was conducted (natural experiments OK)

Highlight:

So researchers at the Mayo Clinic in Rochester, Minn., recently conducted an experiment on the cells of 72 healthy but sedentary men and women who were 30 or younger or older than 64. After baseline measures were established for their aerobic fitness, their blood-sugar levels and the gene activity and mitochondrial health in their muscle cells, the volunteers were randomly assigned to a particular exercise regimen.

Question:What evidence is given for the primary claim? Select all that apply.

Answer:Correlation

Highlight:

the subjects who did the interval workouts showed increases in the number and health of their mitochondria

CredCo Indicator:Inference - Type of Claims

Question:Is a general or singular causal claim made? Highlight the section(s) that supports your answer.

Answer:General Causal Claim

Highlight:

the subjects who did the interval workouts showed increases in the number and health of their mitochondria

CredCo Indicator:Tone - Exaggerated Claims

Question:Does the author exaggerate any claims? If so, highlight the relevant section(s).

Answer:No

CredCo Indicator:Tone - Emotionally Charged

Question:Does the article have an emotionally charged tone? (i.e, outrage, snark, celebration, horror, etc.). If so, highlight the relevant section(s).

Answer:No

CredCo Indicator:Logical Fallacies - Naturalistic

Question:Does the author suggest that something is good because it is natural, or bad because it is not natural (the naturalistic fallacy)?

Answer:No

CredCo Indicator:Logical Fallacies - Appeal to Fear

Question:Does the author exaggerate the dangers of a situation and use scare tactics to persuade (the appeal to fear fallacy)?

Answer:No

CredCo Indicator:Logical Fallacies - Slippery Slope

Question:Does the author say that one small change will lead to a major change (use a slippery slope argument)? Highlight the relevant section(s).

Answer:No

CredCo Indicator:Logical Fallacies - False Dilemma

Question:Does the author present a complicated choice as if it were binary (construct a false dilemma)? If so, highlight the relevant section(s).

Answer:No

CredCo Indicator:Logical Fallacies - Straw Man

Question:Does the author present the counterargument as a weaker, more foolish version of the real counterargument (use a Straw Man Argument)? If so, highlight the relevant section(s).

Answer:No

CredCo Indicator:Confidence - Acknowledge Uncertainty

Question:Do they acknowledge uncertainty or the possibility that things might be otherwise? If so, highlight the relevant section(s).

Answer:Sort of

Highlight:

Many of these affected genes, especially in the cells of the interval trainers, are believed to influence the ability of mitochondria to produce energy for muscle cells;

CredCo Indicator:Confidence - Extent Claims Justified

Question:To what extent does their confidence in their claims seem justified?

Answer:Mostly justified

Question:Are any experts, organizations, or studies cited that are separate from the central study quoted in the article? If so, highlight relevant section(s).

Answer:None

CredCo Indicator:Citation of Studies

Question:Highlight each scientific study cited:

Answer:Scientific Study 1

Highlight:

So researchers at the Mayo Clinic in Rochester, Minn., recently conducted an experiment on the cells of 72 healthy but sedentary men and women who were 30 or younger or older than 64. After baseline measures were established for their aerobic fitness, their blood-sugar levels and the gene activity and mitochondrial health in their muscle cells, the volunteers were randomly assigned to a particular exercise regimen.

CredCo Indicator:Quotes from Outside Experts

Question:Highlight each expert cited:

Answer:Expert 1

Highlight:

Dr. Sreekumaran Nair, a professor of medicine and an endocrinologist at the Mayo Clinic and the study’s senior author.

Question:Which of the following types of sources are cited in the article? Check all that apply. If Other, please highlight.

Answer:Studies

Question:Which of the following types of sources are cited in the article? Check all that apply. If Other, please highlight.

Answer:Experts

CredCo Indicator:Single Study Article

Question:Is this article primarily about a single scientific study?

Answer:Yes

Highlight:

So researchers at the Mayo Clinic in Rochester, Minn., recently conducted an experiment on the cells of 72 healthy but sedentary men and women who were 30 or younger or older than 64. After baseline measures were established for their aerobic fitness, their blood-sugar levels and the gene activity and mitochondrial health in their muscle cells, the volunteers were randomly assigned to a particular exercise regimen.

CredCo Indicator:Clickbait Title

Question:What clickbait techniques does this headline employ (select all that apply)?

Answer:Hidden secret or trick (“Fitness Companies Hate Him...”, “Experts are Dying to Know Their Secret”)

Highlight:

The Best Exercise

CredCo Indicator:Clickbait Title

Question:Is the headline clickbaity?

Answer:A little bit clickbaity

CredCo Indicator:Title Representativeness

Question:Question: Does the title of the article accurately reflect the content of the article?

Answer:Completely Representative

Question:Rate your impression of the credibility of this article

Answer:Medium credibility

CredCo Indicator:Inference - Convincing Evidence

Question:How convincing do you find the evidence given for the primary claim?

Answer:Fairly Convincing

Question:What evidence is given for the primary claim? Select all that apply.

Answer:An experimental study was conducted (natural experiments OK)

Highlight:

Many other studies have also confirmed the link between smoking and Alzheimer’s

Question:What evidence is given for the primary claim? Select all that apply.

Answer:An experimental study was conducted (natural experiments OK)

Highlight:

In one study, researchers at the Cleveland Clinic in Ohio recruited almost 100 older men and women, aged 65 to 89, some of whom had a family history of Alzheimer’s disease. Half of these participants carried the carried the e4 gene, which substantially increased their risk of developing the disease (9).

Question:What evidence is given for the primary claim? Select all that apply.

Answer:An experimental study was conducted (natural experiments OK)

Highlight:

The e4-positive group who did not exercise underwent significant atrophy of their hippocampus in as little as 18 months. In fact, the cerebral structure had shrunk by 3% on average. The e4 group that exercised experienced no change in their hippocampus and neither did the e4-negative groups.

Question:What evidence is given for the primary claim? Select all that apply.

Answer:An experimental study was conducted (natural experiments OK)

Highlight:

In fact, in a 6-year study examining 1,600 seniors, found that vitamin D deficiency was linked to Alzheimer’s Disease.

Question:What evidence is given for the primary claim? Select all that apply.

Answer:An experimental study was conducted (natural experiments OK)

Highlight:

In fact, a Canadian study found that being bilingual supports cognitive function and even delays the onset of dementia in patients with probable Alzheimer’s Disease by 4 years on average.

Question:What evidence is given for the primary claim? Select all that apply.

Answer:Correlation

Highlight:

In fact, in a 6-year study examining 1,600 seniors, found that vitamin D deficiency was linked to Alzheimer’s Disease.

Question:What evidence is given for the primary claim? Select all that apply.

Answer:Correlation

Highlight:

Many other studies have also confirmed the link between smoking and Alzheimer’s

Question:What evidence is given for the primary claim? Select all that apply.

Answer:Correlation

Highlight:

Also, raised homocysteine levels actually initiate cognitive impairment and poor brain performance, increase your risk of dementia, and boost brain shrinkage (10).

Question:What evidence is given for the primary claim? Select all that apply.

Answer:Correlation

Highlight:

Thiamine deficiency is linked to Korsakoff Syndrome, a chronic memory disorder part of the dementia umbrella (11).

Question:What evidence is given for the primary claim? Select all that apply.

Answer:Correlation

Highlight:

“…those who were severely deficient in vitamin D were more than twice as likely to develop Alzheimer’s and dementia than those who had adequate levels,” writes Alzheimer’s.net on the study (12).

Question:What evidence is given for the primary claim? Select all that apply.

Answer:Correlation

Highlight:

Some head injuries can actually increase your risk of developing dementia later in life, especially if it causes 30 minutes to 24 hours of unconsciousness after initial injury (14).

Question:What evidence is given for the primary claim? Select all that apply.

Answer:Correlation

Highlight:

Your risk of Alzheimer’s disease and vascular dementia also go up with excessive drinking (16).

Question:What evidence is given for the primary claim? Select all that apply.

Answer:Correlation

Highlight:

“Feeling lonely rather than being alone is associated with an increased risk of clinical dementia in later life and can be considered a major risk factor that, independently of vascular disease, depression, and other confounding factors,”

CredCo Indicator:Inference - Type of Claims

Question:Is a general or singular causal claim made? Highlight the section(s) that supports your answer.

Answer:General Causal Claim

Highlight:

“Feeling lonely rather than being alone is associated with an increased risk of clinical dementia in later life and can be considered a major risk factor that, independently of vascular disease, depression, and other confounding factors,”

CredCo Indicator:Inference - Type of Claims

Question:Is a general or singular causal claim made? Highlight the section(s) that supports your answer.

Answer:General Causal Claim

Highlight:

Alcohol-related brain damage, caused by years of alcohol abuse can contribute towards Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome and alcoholic dementia,

CredCo Indicator:Inference - Type of Claims

Question:Is a general or singular causal claim made? Highlight the section(s) that supports your answer.

Answer:General Causal Claim

Highlight:

Some head injuries can actually increase your risk of developing dementia later in life, especially if it causes 30 minutes to 24 hours of unconsciousness after initial injury (14).

CredCo Indicator:Inference - Type of Claims

Question:Is a general or singular causal claim made? Highlight the section(s) that supports your answer.

Answer:General Causal Claim

Highlight:

In fact, a Canadian study found that being bilingual supports cognitive function and even delays the onset of dementia in patients with probable Alzheimer’s Disease by 4 years on average.

CredCo Indicator:Inference - Type of Claims

Question:Is a general or singular causal claim made? Highlight the section(s) that supports your answer.

Answer:General Causal Claim

Highlight:

In fact, in a 6-year study examining 1,600 seniors, found that vitamin D deficiency was linked to Alzheimer’s Disease.

CredCo Indicator:Inference - Type of Claims

Question:Is a general or singular causal claim made? Highlight the section(s) that supports your answer.

Answer:General Causal Claim

Highlight:

Also, raised homocysteine levels actually initiate cognitive impairment and poor brain performance, increase your risk of dementia, and boost brain shrinkage (10).

CredCo Indicator:Inference - Type of Claims

Question:Is a general or singular causal claim made? Highlight the section(s) that supports your answer.

Answer:General Causal Claim

Highlight:

The e4-positive group who did not exercise underwent significant atrophy of their hippocampus in as little as 18 months. In fact, the cerebral structure had shrunk by 3% on average. The e4 group that exercised experienced no change in their hippocampus and neither did the e4-negative groups.

CredCo Indicator:Inference - Type of Claims

Question:Is a general or singular causal claim made? Highlight the section(s) that supports your answer.

Answer:General Causal Claim

Highlight:

Many other studies have also confirmed the link between smoking and Alzheimer’s

CredCo Indicator:Tone - Exaggerated Claims

Question:Does the author exaggerate any claims? If so, highlight the relevant section(s).

Answer:No

CredCo Indicator:Tone - Emotionally Charged

Question:Does the article have an emotionally charged tone? (i.e, outrage, snark, celebration, horror, etc.). If so, highlight the relevant section(s).

Answer:No

CredCo Indicator:Logical Fallacies - Naturalistic

Question:Does the author suggest that something is good because it is natural, or bad because it is not natural (the naturalistic fallacy)?

Answer:No

CredCo Indicator:Logical Fallacies - Appeal to Fear

Question:Does the author exaggerate the dangers of a situation and use scare tactics to persuade (the appeal to fear fallacy)?

Answer:No

CredCo Indicator:Logical Fallacies - Slippery Slope

Question:Does the author say that one small change will lead to a major change (use a slippery slope argument)? Highlight the relevant section(s).

Answer:Sort of

Highlight:

Preventing Alzheimer’s is straightforward, you just have to put in the work!

CredCo Indicator:Logical Fallacies - False Dilemma

Question:Does the author present a complicated choice as if it were binary (construct a false dilemma)? If so, highlight the relevant section(s).

Answer:No

CredCo Indicator:Logical Fallacies - Straw Man

Question:Does the author present the counterargument as a weaker, more foolish version of the real counterargument (use a Straw Man Argument)? If so, highlight the relevant section(s).

Answer:No

CredCo Indicator:Confidence - Acknowledge Uncertainty

Question:Do they acknowledge uncertainty or the possibility that things might be otherwise? If so, highlight the relevant section(s).

Answer:No

CredCo Indicator:Confidence - Extent Claims Justified

Question:To what extent does their confidence in their claims seem justified?

Answer:Mostly justified

CredCo Indicator:Citation of Studies

Question:Highlight each scientific study cited:

Answer:Scientific Study 4

Highlight:

Researchers at Duke University Medical Center in Durham, North Carolina examined 548 veterans with a head injury and 1228 without head injury to yield these results (15).

CredCo Indicator:Citation of Studies

Question:Highlight each scientific study cited:

Answer:Scientific Study 3

Highlight:

In fact, a Canadian study found that being bilingual supports cognitive function and even delays the onset of dementia in patients with probable Alzheimer’s Disease by 4 years on average. For other varieties of dementia, the onset was delayed by 3 years on average.

CredCo Indicator:Citation of Studies

Question:Highlight each scientific study cited:

Answer:Scientific Study 2

Highlight:

In fact, in a 6-year study examining 1,600 seniors, found that vitamin D deficiency was linked to Alzheimer’s Disease.

CredCo Indicator:Citation of Studies

Question:Highlight each scientific study cited:

Answer:Scientific Study 1

Highlight:

In one study, researchers at the Cleveland Clinic in Ohio recruited almost 100 older men and women, aged 65 to 89, some of whom had a family history of Alzheimer’s disease. Half of these participants carried the carried the e4 gene, which substantially increased their risk of developing the disease (9).

Question:Which of the following types of sources are cited in the article? Check all that apply. If Other, please highlight.

Answer:Studies

CredCo Indicator:Single Study Article

Question:Is this article primarily about a single scientific study?

Answer:No

CredCo Indicator:Clickbait Title

Question:What clickbait techniques does this headline employ (select all that apply)?

Answer:Listicle (“6 Tips on …”)

Highlight:

9 Diet & Lifestyle Habit Changes

CredCo Indicator:Clickbait Title

Question:Is the headline clickbaity?

Answer:A little bit clickbaity

CredCo Indicator:Title Representativeness

Question:Question: Does the title of the article accurately reflect the content of the article?

Answer:Completely Representative

Question:Rate your impression of the credibility of this article

Answer:Somewhat high credibility

CredCo Indicator:Inference - Convincing Evidence

Question:How convincing do you find the evidence given for the primary claim?

Answer:Not at All Convincing

Question:What kind of evidence do they give?

Answer:They present facts regarding the Basa fish and its cultivation strategies.

Highlight:

The Basa fish ( Pangasius Fillets) is cultivated near the Mekong River in Vietnam, one of the most polluted rivers in the world. The fish is cultivated in sewage pools which contain high levels of toxins and bacteria that end up in the meat.

Question:What kind of evidence do they give?

Answer:They present facts regarding the Basa fish and its cultivation strategies.

Highlight:

In nature, the fish grows 4 times faster, but the Basa fish sold in our markets is injected with antibiotics and hormones that are supposed to make the fish bigger.

Question:What kind of evidence do they give?

Answer:They present facts regarding the Basa fish and its cultivation strategies.

Highlight:

The fish is very nutritionally deficient and doesn’t contain omega-3 oils or other essential nutrients found in natural fish.

Question:What evidence is given for the primary claim? Select all that apply.

Answer:Other kind of evidence

Highlight:

The fish is very nutritionally deficient and doesn’t contain omega-3 oils or other essential nutrients found in natural fish.

Question:What evidence is given for the primary claim? Select all that apply.

Answer:Other kind of evidence

Highlight:

In nature, the fish grows 4 times faster, but the Basa fish sold in our markets is injected with antibiotics and hormones that are supposed to make the fish bigger.

Question:What evidence is given for the primary claim? Select all that apply.

Answer:Other kind of evidence

Highlight:

The Basa fish ( Pangasius Fillets) is cultivated near the Mekong River in Vietnam, one of the most polluted rivers in the world. The fish is cultivated in sewage pools which contain high levels of toxins and bacteria that end up in the meat.

Question:What evidence is given for the primary claim? Select all that apply.

Answer:An experimental study was conducted (natural experiments OK)

Highlight:

The meat was found to contain hormones that accelerate the growth and reproduction of the fish, and is then sold in partnership with big companies that have no regard for human health.

Question:What evidence is given for the primary claim? Select all that apply.

Answer:An experimental study was conducted (natural experiments OK)

Highlight:

Besides this, the meat has been found to contains heavy metals, chlorate, isomers, hexachlorobenzene and other harmful compounds.

CredCo Indicator:Inference - Type of Claims

Question:Is a general or singular causal claim made? Highlight the section(s) that supports your answer.

Answer:No Causal Claim

CredCo Indicator:Tone - Exaggerated Claims

Question:Does the author exaggerate any claims? If so, highlight the relevant section(s).

Answer:Sort of

Highlight:

Be a keen observer and be very careful of what you buy in a super market, some items will just put your life and your families life to danger.Newly

CredCo Indicator:Tone - Emotionally Charged

Question:Does the article have an emotionally charged tone? (i.e, outrage, snark, celebration, horror, etc.). If so, highlight the relevant section(s).

Answer:Sort of

Highlight:

Be a keen observer and be very careful of what you buy in a super market, some items will just put your life and your families life to danger.Newly

CredCo Indicator:Logical Fallacies - Naturalistic

Question:Does the author suggest that something is good because it is natural, or bad because it is not natural (the naturalistic fallacy)?

Answer:Yes

Highlight:

In nature, the fish grows 4 times faster, but the Basa fish sold in our markets is injected with antibiotics and hormones that are supposed to make the fish bigger.

CredCo Indicator:Logical Fallacies - Naturalistic

Question:Does the author suggest that something is good because it is natural, or bad because it is not natural (the naturalistic fallacy)?

Answer:Yes

Highlight:

The fish is very nutritionally deficient and doesn’t contain omega-3 oils or other essential nutrients found in natural fish.

CredCo Indicator:Logical Fallacies - Appeal to Fear

Question:Does the author exaggerate the dangers of a situation and use scare tactics to persuade (the appeal to fear fallacy)?

Answer:Sort of

Highlight:

The meat was found to contain hormones that accelerate the growth and reproduction of the fish, and is then sold in partnership with big companies that have no regard for human health.

CredCo Indicator:Logical Fallacies - Appeal to Fear

Question:Does the author exaggerate the dangers of a situation and use scare tactics to persuade (the appeal to fear fallacy)?

Answer:Sort of

Highlight:

danger.Newly

CredCo Indicator:Logical Fallacies - Appeal to Fear

Question:Does the author exaggerate the dangers of a situation and use scare tactics to persuade (the appeal to fear fallacy)?

Answer:Sort of

Highlight:

some items will just put your life and your families life to danger.Newly

CredCo Indicator:Logical Fallacies - Slippery Slope

Question:Does the author say that one small change will lead to a major change (use a slippery slope argument)? Highlight the relevant section(s).

Answer:No

CredCo Indicator:Logical Fallacies - False Dilemma

Question:Does the author present a complicated choice as if it were binary (construct a false dilemma)? If so, highlight the relevant section(s).

Answer:No

CredCo Indicator:Logical Fallacies - Straw Man

Question:Does the author present the counterargument as a weaker, more foolish version of the real counterargument (use a Straw Man Argument)? If so, highlight the relevant section(s).

Answer:No

CredCo Indicator:Confidence - Acknowledge Uncertainty

Question:Do they acknowledge uncertainty or the possibility that things might be otherwise? If so, highlight the relevant section(s).

Answer:No

CredCo Indicator:Confidence - Extent Claims Justified

Question:To what extent does their confidence in their claims seem justified?

Answer:Not at all justified

Question:Which of the following types of sources are cited in the article? Check all that apply. If Other, please highlight.

Answer:None

CredCo Indicator:Single Study Article

Question:Is this article primarily about a single scientific study?

Answer:No

CredCo Indicator:Clickbait Title

Question:What clickbait techniques does this headline employ (select all that apply)?

Answer:Inducing fear (“Is Your Boyfriend Cheating on You?”)

Highlight:

DANGEROUS FOR YOUR HEALTH!

CredCo Indicator:Clickbait Title

Question:What clickbait techniques does this headline employ (select all that apply)?

Answer:Provoking emotions, such as shock or surprise (“...Shocking Result”, “...Leave You in Tears”)

Highlight:

DO NOT EAT THIS FISH, IT IS VERY DANGEROUS FOR YOUR HEALTH!

CredCo Indicator:Clickbait Title

Question:Is the headline clickbaity?

Answer:Very much clickbaity

CredCo Indicator:Title Representativeness

Question:Question: Does the title of the article accurately reflect the content of the article?

Answer:Completely Representative

Question:Rate your impression of the credibility of this article

Answer:Very low credibility

CredCo Indicator:Inference - Convincing Evidence

Question:How convincing do you find the evidence given for the primary claim?

Answer:Moderately Convincing

Question:What evidence is given for the primary claim? Select all that apply.

Answer:Cause precedes effect

Highlight:

These extra challenges are thought to account for the noticeable difference in balance displayed by those participants in dancing group.

Question:What evidence is given for the primary claim? Select all that apply.

Answer:Correlation

Highlight:

These extra challenges are thought to account for the noticeable difference in balance displayed by those participants in dancing group.

Question:What evidence is given for the primary claim? Select all that apply.

Answer:An experimental study was conducted (natural experiments OK)

Highlight:

To assess this, the exercise routines given to the volunteers differed. The traditional fitness training program conducted mainly repetitive exercises, such as cycling or Nordic walking, but the dance group were challenged with something new each week. Dr Rehfeld explains, "We tried to provide our seniors in the dance group with constantly changing dance routines of different genres (Jazz, Square, Latin-American and Line Dance). Steps, arm-patterns, formations, speed and rhythms were changed every second week to keep them in a constant learning process. The most challenging aspect for them was to recall the routines under the pressure of time and without any cues from the instructor."

These extra challenges are thought to account for the noticeable difference in balance displayed by those participants in dancing group.

Question:What evidence is given for the primary claim? Select all that apply.

Answer:An experimental study was conducted (natural experiments OK)

Highlight:

Elderly volunteers, with an average age of 68, were recruited to the study and assigned either an eighteen-month weekly course of learning dance routines, or endurance and flexibility training.

CredCo Indicator:Inference - Type of Claims

Question:Is a general or singular causal claim made? Highlight the section(s) that supports your answer.

Answer:General Causal Claim

Highlight:

These extra challenges are thought to account for the noticeable difference in balance displayed by those participants in dancing group.

CredCo Indicator:Inference - Type of Claims

Question:Is a general or singular causal claim made? Highlight the section(s) that supports your answer.

Answer:General Causal Claim

Highlight:

Both groups showed an increase in the hippocampus region of the brain.

CredCo Indicator:Tone - Exaggerated Claims

Question:Does the author exaggerate any claims? If so, highlight the relevant section(s).

Answer:No

CredCo Indicator:Tone - Emotionally Charged

Question:Does the article have an emotionally charged tone? (i.e, outrage, snark, celebration, horror, etc.). If so, highlight the relevant section(s).

Answer:No

CredCo Indicator:Logical Fallacies - Naturalistic

Question:Does the author suggest that something is good because it is natural, or bad because it is not natural (the naturalistic fallacy)?

Answer:No

CredCo Indicator:Logical Fallacies - Appeal to Fear

Question:Does the author exaggerate the dangers of a situation and use scare tactics to persuade (the appeal to fear fallacy)?

Answer:No

CredCo Indicator:Logical Fallacies - Slippery Slope

Question:Does the author say that one small change will lead to a major change (use a slippery slope argument)? Highlight the relevant section(s).

Answer:No

CredCo Indicator:Logical Fallacies - False Dilemma

Question:Does the author present a complicated choice as if it were binary (construct a false dilemma)? If so, highlight the relevant section(s).

Answer:No

CredCo Indicator:Logical Fallacies - Straw Man

Question:Does the author present the counterargument as a weaker, more foolish version of the real counterargument (use a Straw Man Argument)? If so, highlight the relevant section(s).

Answer:No

CredCo Indicator:Confidence - Acknowledge Uncertainty

Question:Do they acknowledge uncertainty or the possibility that things might be otherwise? If so, highlight the relevant section(s).

Answer:No

CredCo Indicator:Confidence - Extent Claims Justified

Question:To what extent does their confidence in their claims seem justified?

Answer:Mostly justified

Question:Are any experts, organizations, or studies cited that are separate from the central study quoted in the article? If so, highlight relevant section(s).

Answer:1

Highlight:

While previous research has shown that physical exercise can combat age-related brain decline, it is not known if one type of exercise can be better than another.

CredCo Indicator:Citation of Studies

Question:Highlight each scientific study cited:

Answer:Scientific Study 2

Highlight:

"In this study, we show that two different types of physical exercise (dancing and endurance training) both increase the area of the brain that declines with age. In comparison, it was only dancing that lead to noticeable behavioral changes in terms of improved balance."

CredCo Indicator:Citation of Studies

Question:Highlight each scientific study cited:

Answer:Scientific Study 1

Highlight:

While previous research has shown that physical exercise can combat age-related brain decline, it is not known if one type of exercise can be better than another.

CredCo Indicator:Quotes from Outside Experts

Question:Highlight each expert cited:

Answer:Expert 1

Highlight:

Dr Kathrin Rehfeld, lead author of the study, based at the German center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, Magdeburg, Germany.

Question:Which of the following types of sources are cited in the article? Check all that apply. If Other, please highlight.

Answer:Experts

Question:Which of the following types of sources are cited in the article? Check all that apply. If Other, please highlight.

Answer:Studies

CredCo Indicator:Single Study Article

Question:Is this article primarily about a single scientific study?

Answer:Yes

Highlight:

A new study, published in the open-access journal Frontiers in Human Neuroscience, shows that older people who routinely partake in physical exercise can reverse the signs of aging in the brain, and dancing has the most profound effect.

CredCo Indicator:Clickbait Title

Question:Is the headline clickbaity?

Answer:Not at all clickbaity

CredCo Indicator:Title Representativeness

Question:Question: Does the title of the article accurately reflect the content of the article?

Answer:Completely Representative

Question:Rate your impression of the credibility of this article

Answer:Medium credibility

CredCo Indicator:Inference - Convincing Evidence

Question:How convincing do you find the evidence given for the primary claim?

Answer:Moderately Convincing