- Apr 2021
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Fab fragments
The antigen-binding fragment of antibody, i.e., the domain which binds specifically to the target of the antibody.
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In vitro
Latin for "in the glass." That is, experiments done in test tubes, petri dishes, flasks, or beakers, not in organisms.
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www.scienceintheclassroom.org www.scienceintheclassroom.org
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chromatophores
This is a cell or plastic that contains pigment.
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- Mar 2021
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www.scienceintheclassroom.org www.scienceintheclassroom.org
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triaxial accelerometer
A sensor that provides simultaneous measurements in three (x, y, and z) orthogonal directions. It analyzes vibrations caused by movement to infer orientation and acceleration of the device.
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quasi-static tension
Quasi-static indicates that the acceleration effect on load measuring devices is insignificant, because it is moving extremely slowly.
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elastomeric
A term describing the viscoelastic quality of a polymer. Materials that are elastomeric have weak intermolecular forces, low Young's modulus, and high failure strain.
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self-healability
Chemically engineered materials have been integrated into the electronics that allow the device to self-repair even after multiple breaks.
This device utilizes a material called polyimine that repairs itself through bond exchange reactions.
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reconfigurability
The ability to rearrange it's elements.
In this case, the device can be reconfigured to serve different purposes.
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dynamic mechanical analyzer
A device used to study and characterize materials. A sinusoidal stress is applied to the material and the strain is measured. It is most effectively used to measure the viscoelastic behavior of polymers.
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hyperelastic
Describes an ideally elastic material which the stress-strain relationship is derived from a strain energy density function. The stress does not vary linearly with strain, so it's flexibility is very high.
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Poisson’s ratio
A measurement of the deformation in a material in a perpendicular direction to the applied force.
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depolymerization
The process of converting a polymer into a monomer or monomers.
This process is triggered by an increase in thermal energy in the system that cannot be used (entropy).
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Young’s modulus
In essence, this is a measurement of how stiff a material is.
It can be equated as E = stress / strain.
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failure strain
A measure of how much a material can be elongated (strained) before it fails (breaks).
A measure of ~4% means it can be stretched to be about 4% longer before it breaks.
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FEA
A method of numerically solving differential equations for mathematical modeling.
The problem is broken into smaller, finite elements that can be expressed as algebraic equations. These equations can then be assembled into a larger system of equations that models the entire problem.
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torque
A twisting force that tends to cause rocation
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gastric mucosa
The mucus layer that is present on the lining of the organs in the GI tract
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Field’s metal
Less toxic metal that does not contain lead or cadmium. Instead, Field's metal contains indium.
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0.1- to 2-mm-thick intestinal walls
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stomach’s 4- to 6-mm-thick wall
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autonomous systems
This is a set of things working together but existing and functioning independently.
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reagent
This is a substance or compound added to a system to cause a chemical reaction, or added to test if a reaction occurs.
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thermal
Something that relates to heat
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thermal conductivity
This is the measurement of a material's ability to conduct heat.
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histograms
This is an approximate representation of the distribution of numerical data
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- Feb 2021
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www.scienceintheclassroom.org www.scienceintheclassroom.org
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chemiluminescence
the emission of light during a chemical reaction which does not produce significant quantities of heat.
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Dynamic
This is the characterization of something under constant change, activity, or progress.
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reflectance spectroscopy
Investigation of the spectral make-up of surface-reflected radiation with respect to its angularly dependent intensity and the composition of the incident primary radiation.
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disjuncture
This is a separation of disconnection between ideas, objects, etc.
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tether
Tying with a rope or chain to restrict movement of that which is being connected to. This often refers to two things being connect to one another.
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locomotion
An act or the power of moving from place to place.
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symmetrical
made up of exactly similar parts facing each other or around an axis.
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robust
This is something that carries characteristics of exhibiting vigorous strength and health.
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translucency
Allowing light, but not detailed shapes, to pass through; semitransparent.
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Ecoflex
This is a blend of recycled polymers and wood byproducts that exhibits the best characteristics of both the polymers and wood.
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Young’s modulus
a measure of elasticity, equal to the ratio of the stress acting on a substance to the strain produced.
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spectral tailoring
Essentially modifying and tweaking the colors and temperatures of the fluids based on the electromagnetic spectrum.
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Thermoelectrics
This is a object that produces electricity by a difference of temperatures. This can also be described as an object that involves the relation between temperature and electrical condition
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aqueous
This is something that is of or containing water, that is typically used as a solvent or medium. A substance could be dissolved in water, making it an aqueous solution.
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pigment
is a colored material that is completely or nearly insoluble in water.
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syringe
a tube with a nozzle and piston or bulb for sucking in and ejecting liquid in a thin stream, used for cleaning wounds or body cavities, or fitted with a hollow needle for injecting or withdrawing fluids.
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quadrupedal
This refers to being four-footed, where all four feet are used for walking and running. This can be seen in animals such as a dog or cat.
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electrowetting
This is the modification of the wetting properties of a surface, typically hydrophobic, with an applied electric field.
Uses for electrowetting include applications on lenses, electronic displays, and separating oil-water mixtures.
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electrofluidics
Is a versatile principle that can be used for high speed actuation of liquid interfaces.
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extensible
This is the ability to be extended or stretched.
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microchannels
Is a channel with a hydraulic (contains liquid) diameter below 1 mm.
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pneumatic
This is something that is operated by or contains air or gas under pressure.
An example of this would be container holding pressurized air or gas.
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actuation
the action of causing a machine or device to operate.
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spectral
This comes from the electromagnetic spectrum, the range of wavelengths or frequencies over which electromagnetic radiation extends, of visible light, which ranges from approximately 400nm to 700nm.
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Semiconductor
A solid substance that has a conductivity between that of an insulator and that of most metals, either due to the addition of an impurity or because of temperature effects. One common semiconductor are silicon chips used in electronics.
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arthropods
Organisms that have a segmented body and jointed appendages, a usually chitinous exoskeleton molted at intervals, and a brain connected to a spinal cord.
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ultraviolet (UV)
Is a form of electromagnetic radiation with wavelength from 10nm to 400 nm, shorter than that of visible light, but longer than X-rays. UV radiation is present in sunlight, and constitutes about 10% of the total electromagnetic radiation output from the Sun.
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plumage
This is the layers of feathers that cover a bird and the pattern, color, and arrangement of the feathers.
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iridophores
These are iridescent chromatophores, and chromatophores are cells that produce color, of which many types are pigment-containing cells, or groups of cells, found in a wide range of animals including amphibians, fish, reptiles, crustaceans and cephalopods.
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elastomers
This is a polymer, either natural or synthetic, that has elastic properties.
An example of this would be rubbers.
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prosthetics
This is an artificial device that replaces a missing body part. The reason for why this part my be missing may be a result of many different reasons, but these devices are utilized with the intention to restore the normal functions of the missing body part.
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silhouette
Is the image of a person, animal, object or scene represented as a solid shape of a single colour, usually black, with its edges matching the outline of the subject.
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obliterative
To render invisible or unreadable, as by erasing or marking over
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infrared
A form of light that is slightly above our visible light spectrum. Since it is not within our visible light spectrum, it is invisible to the naked eye, but it still provides useful applications in nature and everyday life such as remote controls for your television.
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camouflage
This is the use of any combination of materials, coloration, or illumination for concealment, either by making animals or objects hard to see, or disguising them as something else.
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microfluidic networks
A group or system that deals with the behavior, manipulation, and precise control of fluids that are constrained to a small scale. This often deals with objects that are measured to be in the tens to hundreds of micrometers.
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Synthetic systems
A set of things working together that uses two or more steps to create a product. This is also chemically created to imitate an existing and natural set.
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soft polymers
Materials belonging to this category include things made up by smaller units called monomers. However, this category contains many monomers arranged in a way that keeps the overall object flexible and non rigid.
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luminescence
This is the emission of light from an object that is not a result of heat, but a form of cold-body radiation.
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bioluminescence
This is the production and emission of light by a living organism.
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biocompatibility
The property of a material to be compatible with living tissue. Materials that trigger a toxic or immune response when exposed to the body are NOT biocompatible.
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FTIR
One of the most common methods of spectroscopy. The sample is exposed to infrared light and data is collected to determine how much light is absorbed or released by the sample.
To convert the raw data into an actual spectrum, a Fourier transform must be performed.
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thermoset polyimine matrix
Thermoset: applying heat to harden or cure the material. This creates the matrix encapsulating the device.
Thanks to the healing ability of the polyimine and the liquid nature of the eutectic LM circuitry, bonds can be reformed and reshaped throughout the device.
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dynamic covalent
Upon thermosetting, dynamic covalent bonds are formed between the atoms that can readily assemble and disassemble. This gives the polyimines their unique healing ability.
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ECG sensor
An electrocardiogram sensor records the pathway of electrical impulses throughout the heart. This data can be used to monitor the heart's condition and response to physical exertion.
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transimination
A reaction that converts an -imine compound into smaller monomers/oligomers. The researchers discovered this reaction to be useful for separating the chip components and LM from the matrix by solubilizing the these monomers/oligomers in methanol.
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eutectic LM
Eutectic: a mixture of substances that melts and solidifies totally at the same temperature, which is lower than the melting points of the individual constituents.
Eutectic LM: A mixture of liquid metals.
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twitter.com twitter.com
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ReconfigBehSci. (2021, February 8). RT @lakens: @BrianNosek @SLLancaster @siminevazire @hardsci Very cool—And it already has a list of glossaries to build on https://t.co/c9… [Tweet]. @SciBeh. https://twitter.com/SciBeh/status/1359042653539741696
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in vitro
in a test tube, culture dish, or elsewhere outside a living organism
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weeble-wobble toy
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hydroxypropyl methylcellulose
Non-fermentable semi-synthetic dietary fibre, based on cellulose.
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conical structure
Cone shaped structure.
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poly(ethylene) oxide
Biomaterial with a high molecular weight.
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molecular weight
The ratio of the average mass of one molecule of an element to one twelfth of the mass of an atom of carbon.
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overtube
A protective tube used during endoscopy.
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endoscopy
A procedure used to look inside the body and examine the interior of a hollow organ or body cavity.
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ex vivo
Experimentation done on tissue from an organism in an external environment with minimal alteration of natural conditions.
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mucosal
The inner lining of organs and body cavities such as the stomach.
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gastric juice
A thin, clear, acidic fluid secreted by the stomach glands.
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viscosities
The state of being thick and semifluid in consistency.
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excursions
A deviation from a regular pattern, path, or level of operation.
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torque
A twisting force that causes rotation.
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subchronic
Oral subchronic toxicity refers to adverse effects occurring after repeated administration of a test sample.
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peristaltic motion
Involuntary movements of the longitudinal and circular muscles, primarily in the digestive tract but occasionally in other hollow tubes of the body, that occur in progressive wavelike contractions
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acute
Acute oral toxicity refers to adverse effects following oral administration of a single dose of a substance.
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mono-monostatic body
An object which has only one unstable point of balance.
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active pharmaceutical ingredient (API)
Any substance or mixture of substances intended to be used in the manufacture of a drug product and that, when used in the production of a drug, becomes a functional ingredient in the drug product
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lumen
The open space within a tube-shaped body part
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prototyping
An early sample, model, or release of a product built to test a concept or process.
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actuation
The action of causing a machine or device to operate.
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316L stainless steel
Second most common marine grade stainless steel.
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cellular tight junctions
Connections between cells that prevent the passage of molecules and ions through the space between membranes of touching cells
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protease
An enzyme (a biological catalyst) which breaks down proteins and peptides
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polycaprolactone
Biodegradable polyester with a low melting point of around 60°C.
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bioavailability
The ability of a drug or other substance to be absorbed and used by the body
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milliposts
millimeter scale pillars
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subcutaneous
Situated or applied under the skin
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plasma
Plasma is a yellowish liquid component of blood that holds the blood cells of whole blood in suspension. It is the liquid part of the blood that carries cells and proteins throughout the body.
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insulin
A hormone produced in the pancreas which regulates the amount of sugar in the blood. The lack of insulin causes a form of diabetes.
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COMSOL
A simulation software to create accurate models
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in vivo
In a living organism
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perforation
A hole made by puncturing or piercing
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GI fluid
Fluid that aids digestion
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sucrose
A common sugar
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isomalt
A sugar substitute
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micro–computed tomography (micro-CT)
3D imaging technique using x-rays to see the inside of an object by viewing it slice by slice
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Histology
The study of the microscopic structures of tissues
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autonomously
Acting independently; the ability to act without instruction
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permeation
becoming widely spread
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parenteral
Occuring or administered elsewhere in the body other than the mouth
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gastrointestinal (GI) tract
The GI tract is a series of hollow organs that form a long tube from the mouth to the anus. The organs within the tract include the mouth, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, and anus.
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Biomacromolecules
Biomacromolecules are the building blocks of life. The different macromolecules are: Proteins, Lipids, Carbohydrates, and Nucleic Acids. Each of these macromolecules are responsible for different biological functions within the body and the cells
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watermark.silverchair.com watermark.silverchair.com
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Cross-contamination
the process by which bacteria or other microorganisms are unintentionally transferred from one substance or object to another, with harmful effect.
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- Dec 2020
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docs.microsoft.com docs.microsoft.com
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Use display as a general term for any visual output device, including the built-in display on a computing device and an external monitor or projector.
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- Oct 2020
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docs.arc42.org docs.arc42.org
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es.wiktionary.org es.wiktionary.org
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Definición de inflamación
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es.wiktionary.org es.wiktionary.org
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Definición etimológica
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- Sep 2020
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www.dcc.ac.uk www.dcc.ac.uk
- Jul 2020
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www.scienceintheclassroom.org www.scienceintheclassroom.org
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Introgressive hybridization
Movement of genes from one species into the gene pool of another species by the repeated crossing of a hybrid with one of its parents.
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missense mutation
Where a single nucleotide base is changed, which results in a different amino acid.
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Body copy, body text, or sometimes just plain body or text refers to themain block of text that you read, as opposed to headlines, subheads, titles,etc. Body text is usually set between 9- and 12-point type with 20 percentadded space between the lines.
body copy, body text
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mantle
A part of Earth’s interior that lies between the dense, extremely hot core and the thin outer layer, known as the crust. It is made up of a thick, rocky shell that constitutes 84% of Earth’s volume. In geologic time, it behaves as a viscous fluid.
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continental plume–related basalts
Both ocean island basalts and continental plume-related basalts come from deep within the mantle. OIBs intruded into oceanic (basaltic) crust, whereas continental plumes intrude into continental crust (for example, Deccan traps in India).
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coesite
This is a high-pressure and high-temperature polymorph (version) of quartz.
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www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
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anterior
This is an anatomical term which refers to the front of the body, or near the head.
In the case of planaria, it refers to the head.
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posterior
This is anatomical term which refers to the back of the body, or near the hind end of the body.
In the case of planaria, it refers to the the hind end.
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“Janus heads”
Janus was a Roman god and doorkeeper to the heavens. Relevant here, Janus was usually depicted with two heads, one facing the past and the other towards the future.
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protrusions
Here, protrusions refer to bulges of cells.
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periphery
Refers to the outer edge.
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signaling pathways
A series of linked chemical pathways in which one chemical in the series activates another chemical in the pathway, which ultimately leads to a specific cell function.
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β-catenin antagonist adenomatous polyposis coli
Adenomatous polyposis coli, or APC, is gene that plays many roles, including acting as a tumor suppressor. APC has also been found to play a role in cell division and directing cells where to go once division takes place. In order to do its job, APC directs β-catenin in the Wnt signaling pathway.
Read more in the Journal of Cell Science. The PDF is also available in the "Related content" tab.
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RNA interference (RNAi)
A mechanism used by both plant and animal cells to silence a gene using a double-stranded DNA molecule. DNA is converted into the smaller RNAi molecules used to turn genes off. Scientists are now able to use this natural process to turn off genes they are studying so they can learn more about their function.
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Schmidtea mediterranea
This is an image depicting this common planarian.
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secondary challenge
A second exposure to the same threat. The immune system is, under certain conditions, able to remember threats it has encountered before and react to them more quickly and effectively upon each subsequent exposure.
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T cells
White blood cells central to adaptive immunity. T cells are able to recognize when cells are diseased and can kill them so they don't spread throughout the body.
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channelrhodopsins
This family of proteins is employed to activate neurons by driving cations (including sodium, calcium, hydrogen, and potassium) into the cell and causing the membrane potential to become more positive, leading to depolarization.
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halorhodopsins
Halorhodopsins and bacteriorhodopsins typically inactivate neurons by driving chloride ions into the cell or hydrogen ions out of the cell and causing the membrane potential to become more negative, leading to hyperpolarization.
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cation
A positive ion like hydrogen (H+), sodium (Na+), or potassium (K+).
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Cannula
A tube inserted into the body to facilitate the delivery of fluids or materials to a specific region.
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basal ganglia (BG)
A group of nuclei located at the base of the forebrain that is responsible for motor control and cognition.
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globus pallidus pars interna (GPi)
Major component of the basal ganglia that targets the substantia nigra.
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contralateral
Opposite the lesion.
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substantia nigra pars compacta (SNc)
A subregion of the midbrain responsible for motor control.
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neurodegenerative
Progressive loss of function of neurons, usually a result of neuron death.
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Error bars
A graphical representation (usually lines through a point on the graph that run parallel to one of the axes) showing the amount of uncertainty there is in the location of that point. All scientific data collection includes uncertainty; error bars allow researchers to show how confident they are in their results. Large error bars mean there is a lot of uncertainty (lower confidence), whereas smaller error bars mean there is less uncertainty.
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β
A statistical term, the Greek letter beta, refers to the probability that you can accept the null hypothesis (which states that values affirmation has no effect) when in fact the null hypothesis is wrong.
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racial achievement gap
The difference in performance (for example, on standardized tests) between minority students and white students.
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standardized test
Any form of an exam that requires all people taking the test to answer the same questions and is scored the same way in all cases, so that comparisons can be made between all people who take the test. These are typically multiple choice tests taken by large populations of students (for example: all 8th grade students in the United States).
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psychological threat
Any outside force (real or perceived) that challenges a person's values, beliefs, or sense of self.
Stereotype (or identity) threat is a subset of psychological threat in which a person feels they will be judged according to common prejudices about some aspect of their identity (for example: race, ethnicity, or gender).
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double-blind study
An experiment in which neither the participants nor the experimenters know which group each participant is assigned to until after the data are analyzed.
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values affirmation
An intervention in which people reflect on and write about the beliefs and values (e.g., family, integrity) that are important in their lives.
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- Jun 2020
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www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
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silencing
Turning a gene off so that it does not go through transcription and translation (gene expression) which prevents the production of its protein product (β-catenin) being made by the cell.
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constitutive degradation
The regulated breakdown of a cell or cellular product, which is used to control gene expression and ultimately cellular function. In this case, the breakdown of APC leads to an increase in β-catenin.
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transcriptional output
The copying of DNA into mRNA, which is the first step in the process known as gene expression.
Watch this video to learn more about the role of transcription and transcription factors: https://www.hhmi.org/biointeractive/signal-molecules-trigger-transcription-factors
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regenerate
Regeneration in this case, refers to the replacement of lost or damaged tissue.
This video will help you understand the process of tissue regeneration: https://www.hhmi.org/biointeractive/tissue-regeneration-animals
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A/P misspecification
The cells that were supposed to be in the posterior end migrated to the anterior end of the animal, or vice versa.
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upstream components
The chemicals at the beginning of the signaling pathway.
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protein perdurance
How long the protein lasts as part of the signaling pathway.
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penetrance
The percentage or proportion of individuals with the genotype that present the phenotype. In other words, organisms may have the genes by may not show the trait. You can find more information about these terms in this article: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK22090/
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homeostasis
The ability or tendency of an organism to maintain internal stability. This includes maintaining certain ranges of physiological processes such as temperature, pH, or ions such as calcium.
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anteroposterior
Genes are used to create both a front and a back for an organism during early embryonic development.
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molecular switch
A molecule, such as a protein, than controls gene expression by either turning it on or off.
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cell adhesion
Specialized protein complexes that allow cells to stick to each other.
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freshwater planarians
Freely swimming flatworms from the taxonomic class Turbellaria that inhabit freshwater.
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amputation
For most organisms it involves removal of a limb. Planaria do not have limbs, so in this case refers to removing either the front or hind end of the body.
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concomitant
Refers to events that occurred at the same time and are associated with each other.
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placental mammals
Members of this group of mammals (which includes humans) carry the developing fetus in the uterus, where the placenta facilitates the exchange of nutrients and wastes between the mother and the fetus.
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chelydroid turtles
These turtles are related to modern snapping turtles and have a similar morphology. They had large heads and long tails.
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crevasse splay
These are floodplain deposits made when the river broke through its natural flood banks. Heavier sediments are deposited closer to the river channel, while lighter sediments, such as sand and silt, are deposited farther away from the channel.
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benthic foraminifera
These are single-celled, bottom-dwelling organisms that live on or within the carbonate-rich sediment surface. https://www.biointeractive.org/classroom-resources/foraminiferaearths-microscopic-recordkeepers
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dicotyledonous (dicot)
This is one of the two groups angiosperms are traditionally divided into. A number of traits distinguish dicots from the other group, the monocotyledons (monocots). The seeds of dicots contain two embryonic seed leaves; monocot seeds contain one.
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Deccan Traps
This is one of the largest volcanic areas on Earth. Its lava flows cover an area of about 500,000 square kilometers.
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Puercan (Pu3) index
This stage of the geologic timescale refers to the North American faunal stage, spanning from 66,000,000 to 63,300,000 years BP (Before Present).
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Cretaceous–Paleogene mass extinction (KPgE)
The extinction event that wiped out nearly three-quarters of all plant and animal species on Earth 66 million years ago.
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ka
The abbreviation for "kilo annum." It signifies time in thousands of years.
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stratigraphic
Refers to the study of rock layers that can be understood over a large area.
Learn more about stratigraphic principles with HHMI BioInteractive: https://www.biointeractive.org/classroom-resources/stratigraphic-principles
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- Apr 2020
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www.scienceintheclassroom.org www.scienceintheclassroom.org
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reproductive isolation
Means that the species cannot breed to produce fertile offspring because of some barrier. That barrier could be geographic, behavioral, or some other type. A well-known animal that is reproductively isolated is the mule.
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allelic series
The alleles for a certain locus listed according to their dominance, that is, their effect on the phenotype they affect.
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linkage disequilibrium
This term means that the association of certain alleles at different loci is not random. Essentially, certain alleles of certain genes are often linked together and found in these combinations in the Big Birds.
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genetic drift
Occurs when the frequency of alleles in an organism changes due to chance. Genetic drift (sometimes referred to as drift) is strongest in small populations such as the one studied here, because chance (random sampling) strongly affects the alleles present in the population.
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bill
As in a bird's beak.
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transgressive segregation
When hybrid offspring show traits that are more extreme than those of the parents. For example, when a hybrid plant offspring is much taller than, or much shorter than, either of the parent plants.
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lineage
Here, a genetic group of individuals that are all descended from one initial ancestor.
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hybrid speciation
Referring to the formation of a new species when two different species mate to produce a new species.
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dextran perfusion
Definition: A polysaccharide glucan that is medically used to reduce blood viscosity.
For the paper: Dextran perfusion is based on flowing a dextran solution through the tube/pipe to determine whether it is hollow (allows fluid flow), and transports fluids as expected.
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pulsatile perfusion
A specific type of perfusion (previously defined) that moves through channels based on motion similar to that of heart pumping blood to the body.
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porcine
Lab testing relating to pigs
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CD31-positive
A protein that is involved in angiogenesis activation.
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cell-laden hydrogels
Hydrogels loaded with live cells.
For the paper, this is an appealing option that helps engineering potential tissue constructs with biomimetic structure and function. Cell-laden hydrogel is a promising scaffolding system for engineering artificial bone, cartilage, cardiac and neural tissues.
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LIVE/DEAD staining confirmed high viability
Staining that is a fluorescence assay (as shown in image on Panel E) which shows cell viability, that is whether the cells are dead or live. The live cells emit green light where the dead cells emit red light.
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thermoreversible
Whose properties can be changed back and forth by increasing or decreasing temperature.
For the article, specific thermoreversible hydrogels form a gel when cooled and return to a viscous fluid state when exposed to heat.
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perfusion
The passage of blood or fluids through blood vessels or other channels in an organ or tissue.
In this paper, perfusion is needed to sustain healthy tissues and organs.
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micro–computed tomography (μCT)
Micro-computed tomography (Micro-CT) is a 3D imaging technique utilizing X-rays to see inside an object, slice by slice. It is similar to a CT scan, but on a micro-scale. Micro-CT provides high resolution 3D imaging of the interior structure of materials and biological samples without having to cut the samples.
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endothelial
cells that are on the inner surface of blood vessels
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A negative Nb anomaly characterizing the involvement of subducted material is present in all the trace-element patterns of our studied samples. This anomaly implies that a recycled crustal component, and not the ambient mantle, dominates the trace-element budget in the fluid inclusions.
Negative Nb anomalies are characteristic of subducted material. Subducted material includes continental-sources sediments from the ocean floor that gets subducted into the mantle. The trace element patterns look more like the crust than the mantle, which means that the fluid inclusions' trace element record is not recording any mantle processes.
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