idea of the innovation systems was adopted in order to explain these differences. The crosscountry differences are the results of differences in accumulation of capital, economic development,technology and formation of institutions or interactions among the institutions. (Metcalfe,2008:435)Level of interaction among institutions differs among countries and they determine the amountof knowledge creation, diffusion rate of the knowledge, its transformation to innovation and expansionof the innovation.

ecosystem, the complex of living organisms, their physical environment, and all their interrelationships in a particular unit of space. A brief treatment of ecosystems follows. For full treatment, see biosphere. An ecosystem can be categorized into its abiotic constituents, including minerals, climate, soil, water, sunlight, and all other nonliving elements, and its biotic constituents, consisting of all its living members. Linking these constituents together are two major forces: the flow of energy through the ecosystem and the cycling of nutrients within the ecosystem.

ayments sector, which have contributed approximately ₱600 billion or3.4% to the country’s Gross Domestic Product (GDP

re than doubled, representing a 108.12% incr

e Philippines. However, recent years have witnessed a decline in new business

DOST Regional Director Julius Caesar Sicat said iHubs are not just facilities as they are catalysts for change.