Anytheory must identify which characteristics are considered relevant and which evidence willbe accepted.
This is my quealm with theory - how do we account for something and discount another aspect of a phenamenon to create a solution when we havent accounted for the entirey of it.
We are not in a position to identify with any certainty the conditions that gave El Tor ameasure of evolutionary advantage over classic variants in recent outbreaks
Relates to the epdmiological conecpt in Joralemons book
the first six cholera pandemics
cholera HAS been a troubling thing worldwide
the conflicts that arise over competing theoretical interpretations.
conflicts between therohetical perspectives arise from the parts of theory that are left out or what is considered irrelevant
French system
The french took a more hieracical route to promote assimilation. Th French divided colonies into cantons that did not correspind to pre colonial govenemnte units, with them sometimes intetionally breaking up old poltical units. - chiefes were not selected according to customaryprocedure, but were selected based on their education, lineage or loyalty to the french. - their function was basically to be a mouth piece to the locals, maintained no judicial authrity, and they eventualluy removed
British in Northern Nigeria, which became the model for indirect rule,
british - indrect rule. Done through chiefes by british political officer with their main purpose being ti intefere in the domestic affairs when neccessary. However in cases where authority f the chief in a given area was not as strong, political officers influence intensened. - had a system of judicial authoriuty
Senegal and Dahome
french
ndeed, in the earliest inter-war period many emirs and chiefs ruled as 'sole nativeauthorities', a position which gave them for practical purposes more power thanthey had in pre-colonial days, where they were either subject to control by a councilor liable to deposition if they became too unpopular. 2 They were permitted toadminister traditional justice, which, in the case of certain emirs, included tryingcases of murder for which the death sentence, subject to confirmation by theGovernor, could be passed. They administered political units that corresponded tothose they would have administered before the arrival of the colonial power. Theywere elected to office by traditional methods of selection, and only in the case of theelection of a patently unsuitable candidate to office, would the colonial power refuserecognition. There was thus a minimal undermining of the traditional sources ofauthority. The main change for the Fulani Emirs of Northern Nigeria, for instance,was that they now owed allegiance to the British Government rather than to theSultan of Sokoto, and collected taxes on its behalf, though they retained, in mostcases, 70 per cent. of the amount collected for the administration of their nativeauthority.
assiduity
constant or close attention to what one is doing
native administration in the same category as British Indirect Rule.
native administration vs indriect rule(political officers influence over
However, he is expected to participate via video link
for teu rform to happen they need to align
reforms to the globalgovernance system” to include better emerging country participation and improve Global Soutcooperation “for more inclusive and sustainable governance
goals - global governanve reform to improve emerging country participation,imporve global south corperation for inclusive and sustainable govenemnt
hey see the expansion as the result of a lackluster Western response to low-income countries’ needs, and say Western countries need to begin reforming financial institutiin earnest.
the expasion is as a result of the west not resposnidng to low ncome countries needs. "The west is arrogant towards the needs of the global south.
However, those efforts face roadblocks. The NDB is more than five times [PDF] smaller than thWorld Bank, and experts doubt it could completely replace it. Others contend that its ambitionredesign the global financial system have fallen short, as it maintains many of the practices of icompetitors. It has also faced criticism for vague commitments on environmental and socialimpact standards
CHallenges to brics financing systems
are failing to meet the needs of poorer nations,particularly in areas such as climate financing
important
Reduce reliance on the U.S. dollar. Increasingly disgruntled over the domination of the dollar inglobal transactions—which exposes them to Western sanctions—BRICS leaders have longadvocated for de-dollarization in favor of increased trade in local currencies or even a potentiacommon BRICS currency
domination of the US dollar exposes them to western sanctions - because the moeny is ofrced to go through US systems and they can easily block or snactio them
he leaders of both China and Russia have said they will nottravel to Rio for the annual meeting
recreating old systems. Their absence undermines te institutions
an informal grouping of emerging economies hoping to increase their swaythe global order.
BRICS are an informal gorouping of emerging economies that aim to increase their
counterweight to Western influence in global institutions
BRICS main purpose - to challenge western influence in international institutions