An example of this general sort of thing was given by Bush where he points out that the file index can be called to view at the push of a button, which implicitly provides greater capability to work within more sophisticated and complex indexing systems

in a way that makes them maximally available and useful to the needs of the human's mental-structure development

His excursion may be more enjoyable if he can reacquire the privilege of forgetting the manifold things he does not need to have immediately at hand, with some assurance that he can find them again if they prove important.

There is a new profession of trail blazers, those who find delight in the task of establishing useful trails through the enormous mass of the common record.

Wholly new forms of encyclopedias will appear, ready-made with a mesh of associative trails running through them, ready to be dropped into the memex and there amplified.

numerous

of a desk

at random

and something is bound to come of it.

Anything that might have so general an effect upon our mental actions as is implied here, is certainly a candidate for ultimate consideration in the continuing development of our intellectual effectiveness.

Existing means of composing and working with symbol structures penalize disorderly processes very heavily, and it is part of the real promise in the automated H-LAM/T systems of tomorrow that the human can have the freedom and power of disorderly processes.

Also, the kind of generous flexibility that would be truly helpful calls for added symbol structuring just to keep track of the trials, branches, and reasoning thereto that are involved in the development of the subject structure; our present symbol-manipulation means would very soon bog down completely among the complexities that are involved in being more than just a little bit flexible.

and by indirect imitation.

If by some magical process the production workers could still know just what to do and when to do it even though the superstructure of contractors was removed from above them, no one would know the difference.

This situation is typical for any of us engaged in reasonably demanding types of professional pursuits, and yet we have never received explicit training in optimum ways of carrying out any but a very few of the roles at a very few of the levels.

At a still higher level of capability, the executive capabilities must have a degree of power that unaided mental capabilities cannot provide. In such a case, one might make a list of steps and check each item off as it is executed.

enables

insofar as their actual physical construction is concerned.

toward a certain over-all professional goal

Essentially everything that goes on within the H-LAM/T system and that is of direct interest here involves the manipulation of concept and symbol structures in service to the mental structure.

interna1

What the computer actually stores need be none of our concern

if the concept is given an explicit "handle" in the form of a representative symbol.

we see the near-future course of the research toward augmenting the human's intellect as depending entirely upon empirical findings (past and future) for the development of better means to serve the development and use of mental structuring in the human.

(a) development of a garden

at that time

We feel reasonably safe in assuming that learning involves some kind of meaningful organization within the brain, and that whatever is so organized or structured represents the operating model of the individual's universe to the mental mechanisms that derive his behavior.

(or whatever it is that is organized within the human mind)

"symbol structuring"

of the basic physical processes

hierarchical

or the use of special drugs.

Many of the branching paths in the decomposition of a given higher-order capability will terminate in the same basic capability, since a given basic capability will often be used within many different higher-order capabilities.

As you proceed down through the hierarchy, you will begin to encounter capabilities that cannot be usefully changed, and these will make up your inventory of basic capabilities.

capability

and a thorough job of redesigning the system calls for making an inventory of the basic capabilities available.

Also, the effort in doing calculations and writing down extensive and carefully reasoned argument would dampen individual experimentation with sophisticated new concepts,

in an environment where the combination of artifact materials and muscle strengths were so scaled that the neatest scribing tool (equivalent to a pencil, possible had a shape and mass as manageable as a brick

If we want to hurry the writing, we have to make it larger.

Actually, it turned out to be simpler to invert the problem and consider a change that would reduce our capability for external symbol manipulation.

The direct effect of the external-symbol-manipulation means upon language would produce an indirect effect upon the way of thinking via the Whorfian-hypothesis linkage.

Under such evolutionary conditions, it would seem unlikely that the language we now use provides the best possible service to our minds in pursuing comprehension and solving problems.

If this is true, and if language is (as it seems to be) a part of a self organizing system, then it seems probable that the state of a language at a given time strongly affects its own evolution to a succeeding state.

lower

It is upon their capabilities that the ultimate capability of the system will depend.

Two-Domain System

native

This term seems directly applicable here, where we could say that synergism is our most likely candidate for representing the actual source of intelligence.

derived ultimately from the characteristics of individual nerve cells

Many of the external composing and manipulating (modifying, rearranging) processes serve such characteristically "human" activities as playing with forms and relationships to ask what develops, cut- and-try multiple-pass development of an idea, or listing items to reflect on and then rearranging and extending them as thoughts develop.

To redesign a structure, we must learn as much as we can of what is known about the basic materials and components as they are utilized within the structure

The realization that any potential change in language, artifact, or methodology has importance only relative to its use within a process' and that a new process capability appearing anywhere within that hierarchy can make practical a new consideration of latent change possibilities in many other parts of the hierarchy -- possibilities in either language, artifacts, or methodology -- brings out the strong interrelationship of these three augmentation means.

throughout the entire capability hierarchy (calling for a system approach).

The writing machine and its flexible copying capability would occupy you for a long time if you tried to exhaust the reverberating chain of associated possibilities for making useful innovations within your capability hierarchy.

and modification possibilities latent in lower levels.

If it is a complex memo

what we call the executive capability.

a free outpouring of thoughts

For instance, trial drafts could rapidly be composed from re-arranged excerpts of old drafts, together with new words or passages which you stop to type in.

The memo-writing process may be executed by using a set of process capabilities (in intermixed or repetitive form) such as the following planning, developing subject matter, composing text, producing hard copy, and distributing.

integument

within

No person uses a process that is completely unique every time he tackles something new.

in that it consists of further sub-processes

Although every sub-process is a process in its own right

Every process of thought or action is made up of sub-processes.

It is the augmentation means that serve to break down a large problem in such a way that the human being can walk through it with his little steps, and it is the structure or organization of these little steps or actions that we discuss as process hierarchies.

In other words, the human mind neither learns nor acts by large leaps, but by steps organized or structured so that each one depends upon previous steps.

The explicit new system we contemplate will involve as artifacts computers, and computer-controlled information-storage, information-handling, and information-display devices.

for human comfort

and moving the whole structure about five feet,

one of its important precepts is to pursue the quickest gains first,

one of its important precepts is to pursue the quickest gains first, and use the increased intellectual effectiveness thus derived to help pursue successive gains.

If Section II begins to seem unrewardingly difficult, the reader may find it helpful to skip from Section II-B directly to Section III.

that compare to those made in personal geographic mobility since horseback and sailboat days.

In the first (search) phase of our program we have developed a conceptual framework that seems satisfactory for the current needs of designing a research phase.

like most systems its performance can best be improved by considering the whole as a set of interacting components rather than by considering the components in isolation.

We do not speak of isolated clever tricks that help in particular situations.

Increased capability in this respect is taken to mean a mixture of the following: more-rapid comprehension, better comprehension, the possibility of gaining a useful degree of comprehension in a situation that previously was too complex, speedier solutions, better solutions, and the possibility of finding solutions to problems that before seemed insoluble.

by avoiding to work under tight time constraints and quantity-driven production goals.

Attention to details empowers the curator to appreciate first and before others the traits and patterns of outstanding work.

order

by asking oneself periodically why

management

the following facts about motivation: a) that extrinsic punishment and reward are DEMOTIVATING for cognitive tasks and b) that our goal must be to develop intrinsic motivation that will produce self-directed, life-long learners.

I think that a future English teacher with a decent command of the material above would be well-positioned to start learning the job.

concept mapping

and skeptical analysis of claims regarding educational data

Can we self-organize our research, discover, summarize, and prioritize what is known through theory and practice, then propose, argue, and share a tentative resource guide for peeragogical groups?

In Deschooling Society, Ivan Illich predicted in 1971 that learners of the future would find each other and use information technologies to form “learning webs” and “networks” — prescient terms, considering that the ARPAnet was only two years old at the time.

my third step was to elevate students to the status of co-learner

we discovered that four students work better than six for a semester-long project

to take more responsibility

The more I give my teacher-power to students

Yahoo Pipes

My immediate instinct has been to respond to those who asked for more.

“attention probes”

without necessarily visiting the site where you publish.

that reflects your exact priorities

flood

Our institutions have not prepared us to be ongoing contributors to human knowledge, as we have been led to believe that this is the domain of “experts”.

As a society we were in a state of shock and did not have the tools to deal with all of this time, so television filled the void.

exchange

anytime and anywhere.

As years of sorting, categorizing and making explicit develop into a large amount of information we can begin to see its value.

There are many ways of making knowledge explicit.

Even more powerful than making our knowledge explicit is to make it public.

Brands would be able to advertise on bundles.

1. Search would INSTANTLY improve. (I need a whole blog post on why this is so).

Imagine I was talking about a real time event. The news is already 30 minutes old. We need a new system for real-time curation of what’s happening on my Twitter stream.

Seth Godin doesn’t have comments on his blog.

Of course, once you update you need to redistribute.

Blogs are pretty bad at this. If I come back in two hours and update this post you probably won’t see the update. In fact, not only can I update this post, but everyone who leaves a comment underneath is really updating it too.

If you give me #7 without giving me #1 first your tool will suck and you won’t be used by curators.

Real-time

Real-time curators need to bundle.

Or I can forward those links to you via email. That’s curation.

lay audiences

One of the most important events in the shaping of early print culture was the successful rebellion of the Netherlands. In their small, semi-autonomous provinces, numerous printing presses sprang up that operated relatively free of censorship, and provided an outlet for authors, even within areas held by the Counter-Reformation.

Studies of Renaissance and early European print culture generally remain unrelated to work on the Enlightenment tradition and eighteenth-century thought.

she remained dissatisfied with the continuing split between the history of ideas and the history of book publication.

business

allowed

Laying inherited scientific works side by side for the first time also pointed up discrepancies and contradictions. At the same time, the new ability to convey maps, charts, and pictures in a uniform and permanent way meant that older theories in cartography, astronomy, anatomy, and botany could be checked against new observations.

it was possible for manuscript readers to imagine that the past minds of antiquity had possessed a much more complete understanding of the world, which had been fragmented and degraded over time.

scattered and incomplete

the most important feature was not that the literature was new, but rather than readers for the first time could see multiple texts together and compare them.

She also emphasizes her belief that historians have underestimated the role of the printing press

cooperating in a new, more cosmopolitan environment

The passage of time no longer inevitably brought with it a lessening of knowledge.

reversed

could now focus their efforts on revision

tremendous difficulties in preserving the knowledge

fundamentally changed the mentality of early modern readers

away from the pursuit of growth for growth’s sake

I propose an architecture of layers of interoperability to unbundle complex, inflexible, and monolithic systems iii and increase competition, cooperation, generativity, and flexibility.

post-Internet

a market-based approach

Alfred Korzybski, in his monumental tome, Science and Sanity, spends over a thousand pages reproving us for our wanton use of the “is” of identity, which reduces things to other things, proposing what he believes is a new “non-Aristotelian” mode of thought.

Without blueprints, instructions, specifications, guidelines, computer programs, money, science texts, laws, contracts, schedules, and databases, could anyone build a microchip, a hydrogen bomb, or a radio telescope? Could anyone operate an airport or a concentration camp?

Words, particularly nouns, force an infinity of unique objects and processes into a finite number of categories.

By generalizing particulars into categories, words render invisible the differences among them. By labeling both A and B a tree, and conditioning ourselves to that label, we become blind to the differences between A and B. The label affects our perception of reality and the way we interact with it.

the dehumanization begins with any categorization, even the word “human”. This is not to advocate the abolition of nouns, only to be mindful of their relative unreality.

When we knew every face intimately, there was no need to generalize into “people.”

Perhaps it is the increasing abstraction of ourselves from the world, to which language contributes, that explains why “fifteen years ago people could distinguish 300,000 sounds; today many children can’t go beyond 100,000 and the average is 180,000. Twenty years ago the average subject could detect 350 shades of a particular color. Today the number is 130.”

It is the discrete and separate self that desires to name the things of nature, or that could even conceive of so doing. To name is to dominate, to categorize, to subjugate and, quite literally, to objectify. No wonder in Genesis, Adam’s first act in confirmation of his God-given dominion over the animals is to name them. Before the conception of self that enabled dominion, there was no naming—none of the original vocalizations were nouns.

This spectre of perfectionism, I would argue, is the most dangerous side effect of punitive grading

Grading tells students that grades are what matter.

Yes, students all know it's wrong to cheat

Ungrading helps form new learning habits.

When you stop grading, that gives students the space they need to explore and discover what is meaningful and valuable to them.

While grades pretend to be a form of feedback (but not very good feedback; more on that later), the main function of grading is coercion, and that's the opposite of freedom.

And their work does improve, sometimes dramatically. That is, for me, the most important measure of success.

Because the UI is offering the potential operator benefits in the partnership, it expects an upfront payment — at an amount that has not yet been determined — from the private firm to go into an endowment for the strategic plan, Harreld said.

By demonstrating that it’s OK to show up messy—something at which I excel—my students feel that they too can practice scholarship alongside their humanness.

By offering a suggested submission date and then allowing for submissions after that point, I am able reduce the bottlenecking of my workload.

(pretty much everyone who is not white cishet neurotypical)

My accessible syllabus

let’s come up with a solution that works for you.

Selfe, Yergeau, and Brewer’s concept of transformative access (119)

I take notes on my course instruction before, during, and after class. I schedule time to review these notes throughout the course of the semester in order to gain insight on how I can best serve my students. I do check-ins with my students about what is working for them throughout the semester. And most importantly, I always ask how can I support you — a phrase that was never uttered by my professors in ten-plus years of higher ed.

Texting during class (or the appearance of texting) is disrespectful

I found these policies antithetical to a love/hope/caring pedagogy,

(I accept late work)

It is also the only writing system which can be traced to its earliest prehistoric origin.

Why won’t they make me feel important, interesting, smart?

The most striking universal feature of all writing systems, however, is their uncanny endurance, unmatched among human creations.

as it is in reality.

For example, sheep could be accounted independently of their actual location.

At the first stage, the token system antecedent of writing, already abstracted information in several ways. First, it translated daily-life commodities into arbitrary, often geometric forms.

while preserving its integrity

With a repertory of about 400 signs, the script could express any topic of human endeavor.

These inscriptions introduced syntax, thus bringing writing yet one step closer to speech.

It shifted from the visual to the aural world.

This was also the case when a stylus, made of a reed with a triangular end, gave to the signs the wedge-shaped ‘cuneiform’ appearance (Fig. 4).

The invention of numerals meant a considerable economy of signs since 33 jars of oil could be written with 7 rather then 33 markings.

Some accountants, therefore, impressed the tokens on the surface of the envelope before enclosing them inside, so that the shape and number of counters held inside could be verified at all times (Fig. 1). These markings were the first signs of writing.

the ultimate abstraction of sound

Writing is humankind’s principal technology for collecting, manipulating, storing, retrieving, communicating and disseminating information.

When we don’t engage students in what matters to them—autonomy, connection, competence—the components that actually create motivation—when we don’t involve students in the process of teaching and learning, then the problem is ours, not theirs.

when they lost it, why they lost it and what schools could do to prevent it.

no matter how much motivation I provided,

K-12 conversation

in part because these educators tend to talk more with each other about their teaching.

report their grade for the course.

But during the first partial grading period, “I simply asked students on the exam to write about a selection of topics in the course so far and to give themselves a numeric grade on a scale of 1-100 (our official grading system).” And they “freaked out. Well, most of them.”

as the former broad fields more obviously lend themselves to ungrading

an early evangelist of ungrading

I started a food pantry in my academic department the semester after I started using OER.

that you will open doors to new ideas that we, your current teachers, never could have taught you.

I learned how to caption my videos and create posts that were friendlier to screen readers.

But hiking in nature is not the domain of literature study; mining text for meaning, however, is what literature study entails.

grammar-for-grammar’s sake