A central theme that I've picked up on throughout the German colonial period is hypocrisy. Germans wished to civilize populations, yet stripped different groups of their cultures, governmental structures, land, and more. The idea of Africans being corrupted by civilization (in this context) only furthers that notion to me.

The Sámi people are indigenous Finno-Urgic (Hungarian, Finnish, Estonian) speaking people historically from the region of Sámpi, which encompasses much of Northern Finland, Sweden, Norway, and Russia. The term "Laplander" or "Lapp" is considered offensive to many Sámi; they prefer the area's name in their own languages. Their best-known pursuit is semi-nomadic reindeer herding.

As of 2008, there are roughly 2,000 Chinese migrants residing in Cameroon, and in an article published in 2019, it is mentioned that immigration has significantly increased within the last two decades. Even with a population of over 26 million, the Chinese are still seen as a realistic threat to the nation, and that these negative attitudes towards them are on the rise.

https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/09744053.2020.1787076?scroll=top&needAccess=true https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_people_in_Cameroon#:~:text=There%20were%20estimated%20to%20be,in%20Cameroon%20as%20of%202008.

This translation is pretty interesting, as the more direct translation of "chassé" (or "chasser", in full), is "to hunt/shoot." There are multiple definitions of both, but the first bunch to show up have an alternate definition to that translated into English. Being driven out of a place has a drastically different meaning than being hunted or shot out.

I understand the point Zimmerer is making, but I disagree to the extent of "paling in significance." The idea of being stripped of your personal joys, freedoms, movement habits, etc. is demoralizing, not to mention seeing those around you being murdered while you remain alive. I suppose it's the lesser of two evils, but the evils in my eyes are close to equal.

His role within Nazi Germany/SS is explained a bit later in the article, but Heinrich Himmler was seen as the 2nd most powerful man in Germany during WWII. He was the key orchestrator of the Holocaust, given responsibility over "the Strengthening of German Ethnic Stock."

If I'm understanding this line of reasoning correctly, then it is a vicious, horrific cycle for those at the bottom of the racial hierarchy. Let them rule themselves, and chaos ensues, thus leading to political dependence on White people. And to finish the job off, you exploit the humans, land, and resources of the area. Why? To further that dependence?

I don't know if I'm really contributing anything new to this part of the conversation, but I just find it fascinating that Social Darwinists couldn't recognize any form of civilization (or culture, as stated previously in the text) if it involved Black people.

I'm also a bit confused about the line of reasoning itself. If you rid a civilization of what makes them a civilization, it's naturally going to be hard for any civilization to survive, no matter who makes up this group. Why doesn't it apply to other racial groups? Is it simply the idea of Black inferiority that perpetuates the cycle?

I'm curious to see if there has been any sort of punishment for his actions. To what extent has Germany reconciled with Fischer's experiments?

I interpret this quote as European powers vying for some sense of control within their empires, trickling down to the maintenance of "specimens" through grave-robbing and skull-scraping. This is interesting to me (and something that I hadn't thought about before), especially when it comes to Germany, who was practically an infant of a country when it began its colonial period. It almost seems as though they were hoping to control other nations before they learned to control themselves.

Now that Germany has agreed to pay Namibia 1.1 billion Euros over the next 30 years, I'm curious to know Samudzi's perspective on the promise. Does she think it's a step in the right direction, and if so, to what extent?

In 1886, Lauschann became an assistant to the Director of the present-day Ethnological Museum in Berlin. Upon the Director's death two decades later, he rose to the title of Director of the Africa and Oceania Department. With this position, he acquired collections of Benin antiquities, ivory carvings, and bronze figures, as well as the bones/skulls of thousands across European empires. This included remains from the Herero-Nama Genocide.

I found this line particularly interesting. Considering that the first parts of the reading don't even touch on the United States, I'm curious as to why Césaire takes the time at the beginning of this section to mention this. Moreover, I wonder why he didn't elaborate on this idea until the end of this essay.

The idea of how communism relates to colonialism/decolonization is an idea that we haven't fully fleshed out in class yet, but it is at the core of this essay. How do the two go together? And to someone that supports one but not the other, how do you go about discussing that with them?

The event this is referring to is France's conquest of Vietnam, carried out by Napoleon III in July of 1857. It was sparked by both missionary propaganda and and growing French capitalism, leading to a hunger for colonization. After attacks on Da Nang (Tourane) and Saigon, there was Vietnamese resistance in advancing past the latter city, and it took until 1861 for the three adjacent provinces to be occupied. The Vietnamese ended up signing a peace treaty in June of 1862, which ceding conquered territories to France. With the addition of more territories, France created a colony named Cochinchina.

France's style of rule in Vietnam led to economic exploitation. a powerless Vietnamese bureaucracy, and emperors replaced with those willing to serve the French. With the development of French Indochina, Vietnam became a prime location within the colony. This is seen with the exploitation of their natural resources, specifically rice, coal, rare minerals, and rubber. The subsequent economic output only benefited the French and a small class of wealthy Vietnamese people.