:: distance

= toll

= Bier + Helm :: helmet + Träger :: wearers

:: local

:: (here:) itinerary

bestehen aus :: to comprise of

:: dudes, bros

ein See in Berlin

= Traktor

:: ride out

:: less-than-pretty result

Krawall :: riot, rumpous

:: suit and top hat

:: dapperly

:: tie one down (i.e. have a drink)

:: go out

:: however

:: individual, singular

:: exchange

:: bottle exchange

:: buzz, intoxication

:: persuation

:: alternative activity

:: Higher Administrative Court

= Handlung :: commerce + Freiheit :: freedom

= Grund :: basic + Recht :: right(s)

:: intrusion

:: complaints; lawsuits

:: among others

:: prohibit

:: bing

:: common, normal

= Saufen = Alkohol trinken + Verbot :: ban

:: to overturn

= Gericht :: court + Entscheidung :: decision

= Spreng :: exploding + Stoff :: substance + Gesetz :: law

:: violation

:: firecrackers

:: to jazz up

:: apparently

= bekommen

= flucht :: fleeing + artig :: like, in such a fashion

:: investigations

:: criminal prosecution

:: determined

:: area of effect (i.e. how far the flames would go)

:: out of aggression

:: spokesperson

eine Art von Feuerwerk (https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bengalisches_Feuer)

eine Art von Feuerwerk (https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bengalisches_Feuer)

:: (here:) probably

= war

:: to create

:: substances

:: mixing with

:: smoke flares

:: to set on fire

:: unforesceen incident

:: single use

fallen (fiel, ist gefallen) :: fall; (here:) to be cancelled

= Fest :: celebration, fest + Zelt :: tent + Gäste :: guests

:: torches

= Christi Himmelfahrt :: Acension Day https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christi_Himmelfahrt

:: for the most part peaceful

:: being, existence

https://duckduckgo.com/?t=ffab&q=bollerwagen&atb=v357-1&iax=images&ia=images

:: tent

:: thin

= 🚀

= clever

:: blue (but also: drunk)

:: partners in an argument (but also: contenders)

:: heart attack

:: standarized/pushed to be a man

:: effortlessness

:: to win over (but also: to bribe)

:: like crazy

:: dig trenches (i.e. do manual work)

unter Strom stehen :: to be hyped up

:: irreplaceable

:: vulnerable

:: tenderness

:: secretly

:: take in [their] arm(s) = hug

:: a sense of security

= Mittel :: middle + Weg :: way, path

:: how to fight in the "right" way

:: support

:: with which

:: ready

:: neglects

:: needs

:: despite that

:: enriching

:: in itself, on its own

:: honey, beau (:literally: treasure)

:: first and foremost

:: intimate

austauschen :: share

= ist (sei shows that this sentence is Adam White's thoughts, not the reporters).

:: Aside from that

:: to judge

:: who

:: more fulfilling

:: comparable with those [feelings] in a romantic relationship

:: sweepingly

:: presumptuous

:: [It is] clear, that that gets on your nerves

:: Proven!

der Kumpel -s :: buddy

:: Not so far off

(here:) :: as

:: sacred

Nietzsche and Marxism were the two popular philosophies at the time. Simmel sees in them (and perhaps their popularity) particular manifestations of his own theory. A tried-and-true method of sublating previous work "A and B are right, but didn't see the whole picture; but here's how I'm even more right without undercuting A and B."

Notice that this doesn't take place via social/communal action. "The Person", the individual has an individual struggle. Collectivities (class consciousness) are a completely different matter.

Also note Engel's comment in Condition of the Working Classon Gaelic in Scotland after industrialization penetrated via infrastructural improvements

The metropolis, not just the city, as not just a particular place, but rather a form of social organization, through which individuals become part of a super-individual machine.

-Note the population boom of the 19th Century Leipzig in Saxony: 32k (1800) to 149k (1880) to 590000 (1910)

In 1800, only two cities in eventual DE hat more than 100k In 1849 up to 3

1880, 14 (Berlin over a million)

1910, 20 over 236k, Berlin > 2 million

Shortly after 1910, DE became more urban than rural.

"Strange" things happen when you go from a predominately rural society to an urban society, e.g. Country Western music in the USA.

Note also the general rise in the interest of the tension between interior/exterior at this point.

Beginning of the stream-consciousness narratives (Schnitzler's Leutnant Gustl in 1900)

Cf. also Joachim Radkau's Die Zeitalter der Nervösität (The Age of Nervousness), which argued that there was a perceived increase of clinical "nervousness" cases stemming from stress and perceptions of the speed of life from 1871 to 1945.

Speed of changes in perception takes up vital resources of consciousness.

Modern urban life is complicated! You have to worry about transportation, rent, your retirement plan, you utility bills, your streaming services subscriptions, etc.

Compare this to rural life in the 19th century. You might have to pay rent to a landlord (if a peasant), and taxes, and tolls when crossing borders or using private roads, but the complications of everyday urban life didn't yet exist.

Plus, there's always something (bad) happening on the subway.

"Rhythm": Rural farming life did not have a daily schedule as rigid as urban life.

Just as much of the disagreement about "wage slavery" of factory jobs was its intrusion into daily rhythms.

A rural worker worked according to seasons, could take time off whenever, might have to work early in the morning to late at night some times (of his/her own reasoning), while urban workers had set schedules determined by relatively precise clocks (particularly large public clocks in town halls)

example: Clocks were apparently targets for revolutionaries in the 1830 Paris Revolution.

Rural people react from their gut?

Visceral reaction stems from unconsciously held beliefs that are violated.

Example of my father-in-law seeing the Kölner Dom for the first time: While some on that train hadn't seen it before, no one stood up and screamed like he did.

Gesellschaft vs. Gemeinschaft

"head vs. heart", implying reason over emotion. Think of how scary monsters in movies become less scary when we have a name for them. Without a name, we can only rely on the "heart" sensory impression (terror, uncanniness), but if we have a name for it, we can put it in a category.

example of the uncanny.

Naming/classifying/having a mental "mastery" over a think is easiert than empathsizing constantly.

Think about reactions to homeless people. Most people want to sympathsize with them individually, but we construct categories ("drug addict") that allow us to not let them affect us.

Note the idea of "Gesellschaft" :: (mass) society vs. "Gemeinschaft" :: community.

Vs. barter and other less formalized systems of exchange (footnote mentions custom like birthday gifts)

Commodification. People and possessions become "assets", defined by a numeric (quantitive) value) vs. a qualitative value. This is also known as reductive positivism.

Quality vs. quantity: You can't put a price on genuine individuality, and thereby can mark it as part of your "bottom line". You can do that with assests that have numeric values.

Commodification, very Marxist.

Indifference means objective rather than subjective.

Note the overlap of science here. This is an age where science and industry interact intimately, and take over much of the decision-making processes. What would be the objectively right thing for the company/state to do?

calculates

Insofar as such relationships require significantly more and deeper engagement

aka Transactionalism

Analyze DJT's presidency, often referred to as "transactional" (quid pro quo). When did he not act transactionally: When he saw images of children on TV (gas attacks in Syria)

Since you don't know the child laborer sewing your T-Shirt from Walmart, you only think about the immediate price of the T-Shirt.

London as Wall Street before Wall Street, and governments from London working less for the betterment of the whole nation than for London's interests (does it help the rural farmer that Queen Victoria is now the Empress of India?_

Permeation of this "intellectual" way of thinking in all forms of thinking.

Positivism: The attempt to remove non-objective thought from our reasoning

Time as a precision measurement. The regimentation of the day, it's disection into units ("The Mythical Man-Month"), e.g. man-hours, billable hours. TIme is money!

Metropolis as more than just a geographical place or accummulation of people, it's a machine that millions of moving parts, regulated by timetables. (What's one of the most important non-calculating part of modern computers?)

time as fungable, exchangable into money. As such, it is subject to the analysis of "efficiencies".

metropolitan life is in fact a technology. (cf. Marshall McLuhan, The Medium is the Message), a machine that takes in raw materials, and produces finished goods.

Consumerism and mass society; pop music (example of Country Music in the US). A mechanism that regiments and standardizes not only work, but also leisure.

Schematization: regimentation and standardization.

Strongly individual, and as such against regimentation (standardization)

Not so much a "depressed" state, but an attitude of disinterest designed to preserve mental resources. If you cared about every single person you met while walking down a busy street, you probably wouldn't make it to work much less out of bed the next day. To survive this new social sphere and all its stimulli, you have to "filter out" excessive agitation by adopting a "there-is-nothing-new-under-the-sun" attitude, either by one's own volition, or by trial and error.

Impersonal, but highly personal (standardized self-centered-ness)

Flattening of the meaning of objects.

A reduction of all being into numeric value. A way to measure things that would seemingly be immeasurable.

Dis-enchanting, de-fetishization of things.

Fungibility

Frodo/Bilbo's ring: How much for it?

Personality preserved through commodification, which makes personality itself a non-qualitative phenomenon.

Big cities have lots of people, to which you can't empathsize completely without becoming overwhelmed.

Earlier, the fundamental psychological unit was the family or clan (e.g. where neighboring families/clans were viewed suspiciously)

Indifference is not completely unnatural to use. We can feel antipathy naturally, and this builds on that tendancy.

Conformity. Within rural communities, those who didn't adhere to certain group standards were separated.

Increase in individuality, possibilities for autonomy.

"Big city girl moves to a small town in the South."

Liberation potential of the small city. Go to a city and let your freak flag fly; be who you want to be.

Indifference and reserve a model of toleration.

Trade off between feeling of belonging and ability to be yourself.

Metropolis as a place that expands beyond the smaller forms of identification (nation-state).

"Urban" socialism based on cross-national concerns of a common class ("Workers of the World Unite!") vs. "National Socialism"

Quantitative turns qualitative in the city in its ability to offer wider connections to the whole world (Cultural Globalism) vs. small town that is largely self-interested

De-personalization in the city; even the greatest figures are not bigger than the city.

Cities provide economic and social effects beyond itself in proportion to its size.

"Sphere of influence"

The city as a space for developing a private being. People aren't looking into you, butting into your business; cities offer different and increasingly specialized amenities. (Different options for food, etc.)

New specialized that depend on the ever increasing sophistication of a public.

Think of "Influencers", or "Twitch streamers".

2nd Nature: Subsistance versus nature is no longer humanities primary struggle in the present day (anthropocene), but rather, a struggle against a "new 2nd nature" (cf. Marcusé), truly all man-made.

Specialization by discovering new niches.

Hotels for dogs.

That is, finding your niche within a setting that has leveled all other means of differentiation.

New urban manners. David Sedaris on Texan college students on the Paris Metro.

The Flaneur and the Dandy as urban "types". Originality requires a knowledge of what pre-exists in the marketplace of personality.

Making a bit first impression (urban) vs. an impression that is built on prolonged interaction (rural)

Extra-Personal forms of culture that influence the individual

Individual's ability to absorb objective culture.

Spirit as in a common, extra-personal consciousness (no ghosts intended).

This is a common idea from the Enlightenment times, i.e. that periods of time have certain thought patterns associated with them, e.g. "Zeitgeist".

Human beings have been less capable of adapting to the new cultural and social conditions of the last century (that is, the 19th Century and its rapid urbanization and industrialization)

In the English-speaking world, think of Romanticism, which often showed the horrors of the new age in juxtaposition to a sentimentality for the past. In German-speaking areas, this reappeared in Neo-Romanticism, but also in the Youth and Reform movements (which appeared in the UK and USA as the Boy Scouts, in DE as the Wandervogel, FKK [nude bathing], and various other movements aimed at "returning to nature")

Specialiation entails a "loss" of old (familial) traits, in particular, how to build a fire (think Boy Scouts).

Architecture as well as transportation.

The 19th Century saw the creation of the arcade, basically the predecessor of the shopping mall, where patrons could shop without worrying about the weather. Similarly, intra- and inter-continental travel became increasingly fast. Finally, don't forget about the telegraph and telephone, which made communication instantaneous.

Think of "objective culture" as mass culture. Over this period, we start to see cultural forms that spread beyond localities to ever-larger and (economically) varied audiences.

i.e. social liberalism

The flip side of political equality: Undifferentiation. To make up that gap, it becomes necessary to try to replace it with another sense of individuality.

i.e. the two roles of equality and irreplacibility.

• The inherent conflict of a liberal democracy founded on negative rights (non-interference with others) vs. communitarian necessities. -Compare to the mask debate: 18th Century liberal Enlightenment saw more importance in right to property (to do with my body what I want) vs. 19th century communal functionalism, where the body is seen not in its isolation, but as a larger, broader "meta-body".

• Juxtaposed against individual liberty, we see industrialization and capitalization. Both entail a division of labor.
• "Functional" akin to a cog in a machine.

• The enlightenment, and its interest in challenging historical bonds
• Ideas of natural rights as negative rights ensuring man's essential nature allowed to persist.
• Rousseau and the purity of the primitive

• Autonomy and Individuality as Enlightenment concepts

Marcuse's idea of a "second" nature.

umfallen

back and forth

Meeting point

furrow

field

Be quiet!

put on your clothes

agrees

coin

as a contest

nod