INTRODUCTION The divergence in allozymes, mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA), and reproductive compatibility for seven shallow water transisthmian snapping shrimp (Alpheus) was studied to test the accuracy of molecular clocks. In order to interpret inconsistencies and estimate differences the relationship among species in divergence rates there must be an increase in the number of taxa and characters studied. This research will provide information on transisthmian pairs of sister taxa in snapping shrimp genus Alpheus. These shrimp are close enough to be studied at the same time, but are completely separated by a physical barrier. How will genetic and geological factors play a role in the divergence of these organisms? What is the minimum time required for speciations or divergence to occur?

(S.Z)

Depending on which sugars are fed to Drosophila, the Wolbachia oocytes may change in size and concentration. The wMel Wolbachia used in this experiment shares a parasitic relationship with the Drosophila.

What does this mean for the growth of Drosophila fed these sweet tastants? What would the effects of an increased Wolbachia titer in the Drosophila be? How does this occur? What are the longterm effects of the Wolbachia invasion in the Drosophila.

How Wolbachia proliferation in Drosophila oocytes changes depending on a variety of dietary sucrose tastants

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INTRODUCTION The divergence in allozymes, mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA), and reproductive compatibility for seven shallow water transisthmian snapping shrimp (Alpheus) was studied to test the accuracy of molecular clocks. In order to interpret inconsistencies and estimate differences the relationship among species in divergence rates there must be an increase in the number of taxa and characters studied. This research will provide information on transisthmian pairs of sister taxa in snapping shrimp genus Alpheus. These shrimp are close enough to be studied at the same time, but are completely separated by a physical barrier. How will genetic and geological factors play a role in the divergence of these organisms? What is the minimum time required for speciations or divergence to occur?

(S.Z)

Fighting the influenza A virus (IAV) still remains a great challenge, and there is a real and urgent need for developing new antiviral medicines. Until now, scientists did not know how the virus was able to release its viral genetic material, which is well protected inside a shell, the capsid. A group of scientists discovered that IAV uses the waste disposal system of the host cell for breaking apart the capsid. The presence of a protein, ubiquitin, on the surface of the capsid makes the host cell perceive the IAV as an aggregate of proteins to waste. Then, a histone deacetylase 6 (HDAC6)-dependent pathway, along with cellular transport factors such as dynein and myosin 10, come into play for disposing the virus. The final result is the opening of the capsid followed by the host cell infection. Understanding the molecular mechanisms underlying IAV infection could lead to advances in medicine. HDAC6, as well as other proteins, were suggested as potential targets for the development of new antiviral therapeutics.