Eighty-nine percent of BA students reported LMS use for "most" or "all" courses.

So students who prefer face-to-face (based on past experiences) may still find functional aspects of the LMS useful and important to their courses, and they may not identify some of the LMS's limitations in a primarily face-to-face learning environment. Even face-to-face courses still rely on the LMS for distributing resources or as a means for communication, and students may be quite satisfied with the conveniences offered by the LMS in a face-to-face course. For example, in 2017 a majority of students reported higher satisfaction levels with functional aspects of the LMS—such as submitting assignments, accessing course content, or checking on their progress—than with the tasks that require more engagement, such as discussion boards.

Sixty-nine percent of students who reported being satisfied or very satisfied with their institution's LMS also said they prefer completely or mostly face-to-face classes. This may reflect a desire for using the operational features of the LMS, along with a desire for in-class time with instructors, which students told us they wanted in their 2017 open-ended responses.

BA private students reported the highest use of the LMS across all institutions,

Three-quarters of all students reported being either satisfied or very satisfied with their institution's LMS, and more than three-quarters of students said their LMS was used for most or all of their courses (see figure 4).

the LMS is similar to basic utilities on higher education campuses, such as plumbing or electricity—functional, ubiquitous, with high levels of use and satisfaction for its most basic operations.

Colleges and universitiesCONTACT Quincy Conley quincyconley@gmail.com Organizational Performance & Workplace Learning, College of Engineering, Boise State University, 1910University Dr., Mail Stop: 2070, Boise, ID 85725, USA.Color versions of one or more of the figures in the article can be found online at www.tandfonline.com/hihc.INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF HUMAN–COMPUTER INTERACTIONhttps://doi.org/10.1080/10447318.2019.1644841© 2019 Taylor & Francis Group, LLC have predominantly implemented LMSs for delivery ofinstruction in their classes, whether the courses are face-to-face, at a distance or a combination of the two approaches.

widely established in the literature that almost all highereducation institutions across the globe have moved to usinga Learning Management System (LMS) for facilitating courses