The Qing court's position weakened when they were defeated in Nanjing.Negotiations led to the abdication of the emperor and the establishment of a provisional republican government.

e Second International, a federation of socialist parties and trade unions, supported the concept of parliamentary democracy and believed in the possibilities of social revolution.

Russian revolution and saw similarities between the tsars and the Qing emperors.

onstitutional monarchy as a way to achieve progress and economic development

anti-Manchu sentiment

Natural disasters,

The Qing government struggled financially, with increasing expenses for the army and a growing budget deficit.

The New Army,

The Qing government decided to nationalize the railway system under their control because it was profitable and would provide funds for the government.This decision angered many Chinese who believed each province should control its own railway development.

1900s, Chinese people wanted to regain control of their own transportation system from foreign investors.They formed groups to raise money and buy back the railroad rights.

Qing court, the ruling dynasty at the time, should have been aware that these assemblies would scrutinize their actions.

he country as a whole moved towards constitutional change, with plans for full constitutional government over the nine years.The death of the empress dowager Cixi increased the urgency for reform.

Various groups, including constitutional monarchists, nationalists, anarchists, Marxists, and the Revolutionary Alliance, criticized the Qing.

The Qing court and Chinese officials had attempted to adapt Western techniques and ideas to China's needs.

The fall of the Qing dynasty was triggered by an accidental bomb explosion in Hankou, which was fueled by agitation over constitutionalism, railways, and foreign encroachments