The rejection of the provincial assemblies’ petition movement for a national parliament had already led many constitutionalists to accept the necessity of revolution, i

unity of the five races advocated by the constitutionalists helped keep the border regions of the Qing Empire together.

socially regressive, but recognizes the politically progressive contributions of the constitutionalist gentry in leading the transition to a republican form of government.

revolutionaries may have both appealed to and created anti-Manchu sentiment through their propaganda.

The revolution happened suddenly, unlike other revolutions that were long and protracted.