slamic civilization was born in the context of tribalism, focused onpunishment and sameness (eye for an eye) and in violent opposition to forcesbent on its destruction. Justice thus became central in terms of external politics.Internally, however, Muhammad’s contribution was adl, or distributive justice,focused more on multiple levels of fairness (social, economic, political, and en-vironmental). Thus Islamic civilization exhibits a tension between justice andfairness—between retributive justice and the fight against injustice, and distri-butional justice, focused on creating a caring society