merging data, and symmetry equivalent positions, space group-specific systematic absences, total percentage of data collected and the linear Rmerge for data reduction. Finally, truncate program was used to obtain structure factor or amplitudes from averaged intensities (output from SCALA, or SCALEPACK) and write a file containing mean amplitudes and the original intensities. If anomalous data is present then F(+), F(-), with the anomalous difference, plus I(+) and 1(-) are also written out. The amplitudes are put on an approximate absolute scale using the scale factor taken from a Wilson plot. For all the Fab-peptide complexes and unliganded Fab of BBE6.12H3 antibody, the diffraction data were collected and processed using MOSFLM and subsequently merged using SCALA. For all the Fab-peptide complexes of 36-65 Fab, the diffraction data were collected and processed using DENZO and subsequently merged using SCALEPACK. The cell dimensions and space groups were unambiguously determined for each crystal. The solvent content and Matthews's constant were calculated (Matthews, 1968). The merged and scaled intensities were used for structure determination.

parameters using the whole data set. It is also used for merging different data sets and carrying out statistical analysis of the measurements related by space group symmetry. SCALEPACK also provides the detailed analysis of the merged data, and symmetry equivalent positions, space group-specific systematic absences, total percentage of data collected and the linear Rmerge for data reduction. MOSFLM is a package of programs with an integrated graphical user interface for processing data collected on any detectors. The programs cover all aspects of data reduction starting from the crystallographic pattern recorded on an image to the final intensities of observed reflections. In MOSFLM this entire process of integration of diffraction images is subdivided into three steps. The first is the determination of the crystal parameters, in particular the crystal lattice (unit cell) and its orientation relative to a laboratory axial system (usually based on the X-ray beam direction and the rotation axis)_ This is usually referred to as autoindexing. Knowledge of these parameters then allows an initial estimate of the crystal mosaicity. The second step is the determination of accurate unit-cell parameters, using a procedure known as post-refinement. This requires the integration of one or more segments of data with a few images in each segment. The final step is the integration of the entire set of diffraction images, while simultaneously refining parameters associated with both the crystal and the detector. After integration of the data, next step is to scale and merge the data set. Scaling and merging are done with the program SCALA. This program scales together multiple observations of reflections, and merges multiple observations into an average intensity. The merging algorithm analyses the data for outliers, and gives detailed analyses. It generates a weighted mean of the observations of the same reflection, after rejecting the out:iers. SCALA also provides the detailed analysis of

therefore only partially recorded on any individual image. For each predicted reflection, the background-subtracted diffracted intensity must be estimated. Although straightforward in principle, defects and limitations in both the sample (the crystal) and the detector can make this difficult in practice. Complicating factors include crystal splitting, anisotropic and/or very weak diffraction, high mosaicity, diffuse scattering, the presence of ice rings or spots, unresolved or overloaded spots, noise arising from cosmic rays or zingers, backstop shadows, detector blemishes, radiation damage and spatial distortion. These experimental factors will be important in determining the final quality of a data set. The HKL2000 (Otwinowski, 1997) is GUI based suite of programs for the analysis of X-ray diffraction data collected from single crystals. The package consists of three programs: DENZO, XDISPLA YF and SCALEPACK. HKL is the program that converts the raw X-ray diffraction data, collected from an image plate and reduces it to a file containing the hkl indices, intensities of the spots on the image plate along with estimates of errors involved. DENZO initially performs peak searching. The autoindexing algorithm carries out complete search of all the possible indices of the reflections picked by peak search using a fast Fourier transformation (FFT) software module. After search for real space vectors is completed, the program finds the three best linearly independent vectors, with a minimal unit cell volume, that would index all of the observed peaks. After refining the initial cell dimensions and detector parameters, the determined values are applied to the rest of the frames and the parameters are refined for each frame. The diffraction maxima are also integrated by DENZO_ The program XDISPLA YF (W., 1993) enables visualization of the peak search and processing procedures. SCALEPACK finds the relative scale factors between frames and carries out precise refinement of crystal

The collection of macromolecular diffraction data has undergone dramatic advances during the last 20 years with the advent of two-dimensional area detectors such as image plates and CCDs, crystal cryocooling and the availability of intense, monochromatic and highly collimated X-ray beams from synchrotron sources. These technical developments have been accompanied by significant advances in the software used to process the resulting diffraction images. In particular, autoindexing procedures have improved the ease of data processing to the point that in many cases it can be carried out automatically without any user intervention. However, the procedure used to collect the diffraction images, the screenless rotation method, has remained essentially unchanged since it was first suggested for macromolecular crystals by Xuong et al. (Nguyen-huu-Xuong, 1968) and by Arndt and coworkers and popularized by the availability of the Arndt-Wonacott oscillation camera (Arndt, 1977; U. W. Arndt, 1973). In this procedure, each diffraction image is collected while rotating the crystal by a small angle (typically between 0.2 and 2°) about a fixed axis (often referred to as the cpaxis). The only development of the method has been the use of very small rotation angles per image (the so-called fine cp-slicing technique) to provide improved signal to noise for weakly diffracting samples. Since, virtually all macromolecular diffraction data are collected in this way (with the exception of data collected using the Laue technique). The starting point for data integration will therefore be a series of such diffraction images and the desired outcome is a data set consisting of the Miller indices (hk/) of all reflections recorded on these images together with an estimate of the diffracted intensities I(hkl) and their standard uncertainties al(hkl). This requires the prediction of which reflections occur on each image and also the precise position of each reflection on each image (note that typically most reflections will be present on several adjacent images and

Fab purification from the digestion mixture was carried out by ion-exchange chromatography using SPW-DEAE (60xl50 mm) column on a Waters3000 preparative HPLC (Waters, USA). In:tially, a blank run was carried out thereafter the column was allowed tore-equilibrate with the wash buffer (10 mM Tris-Cl, pH 8.0). A salt gradient of 0 to 0.2 M NaCI over a period of 120 minutes was used to elute the Fab. An aliquot from all the collected fractions were precipitated by using chilled acetone and were analyzed on a SDS-PAGE gel to ascertain which fraction corresponds to Fab. Fab, which has low or zero net negative charge at pH 8.0, was eluted out as the first major peak early in the gradient. The Fe portion and any undigested IgG which have a higher net negative charge at pH 8.0 would elute out later in the gradient. The Fab fractions collected from various HPLC runs for both the antibodies were pooled, concentrated and dialyzed against their respective crystallization buffer (50 mM Na-cacodylate pH 6.7, 0.05% sodium azide and SOmM Tris-Cl pH 7.1, 0.05% sodium azide).

Microtitration plates were coated with r-bZP3 at a concentration of 200 ng/well in 50 mM PBS, pH 7.4 for I hr at 37°C and then at 4oc overnight. Plates were subsequently washed once with PBS and blocked with 1% BSA for I hr at 370C in PBS to reduce non-specific binding. Blocking was followed by three washes of 5 min each with PBS containing 0.05% Tween-20 (PBST). Plates were incubated with varying dilutions of preimmune and immune sera for 1 h and bound Ab was revealed with the anti rabbit-HRPO conjugate used at an optimized dilution of 1:5000 in PBS. After washing to remove unbound anti-rabbit-HRPO conjugate, the enzyme activity was estimated with 0.1% orthophenylenediamine (OPD) in 50 mM citrate phosphate buffer, pH 5.0 having 0.06% of hydrogen peroxide as the substrate. The reaction was stopped by adding 50 J..fllwell of 5 N H2S04 and the absorbance read at 490 nm in a microplate reader (Molecular Devices Corporation, California, USA). The Ab titer was calculated by regression analysis and is represented by Ab units (AU) as the reciprocal of the dilution of the Ab giving an A490 of I .0

Lipofectin-mediated transfection and in vivo homologous recombination was used to introduce foreign DNA into the AcNPV genome at the polyhedrin locus for making the V 1, V2, V3 and V 4 recombinant virus constructs using the BacPAK™ baculovirus expression system or the Baculogold™ transfection kit (Pharmingen) according to the manufacturer's instructions.

ingredients were present except N-acetylglucosamine. This value represented the galactose released. The difference in the counts between the tube in which acceptor was present and control represented transferase activity.

A mixture of sodium cacodylate (20 ~L, 0.2 M, pH = 6.5 adjusted with Hel) , MnCI2 (3 ~L, 1 M), mercaptoethanol (3 ~L, 1 M) and Triton X-100 (5 ~L, 10% w/v) was added to a solution containing N-acetylglucosamine (3 ~L, 1 M) and protein (1 00 ~g). The reaction was started with the addition of UOP-galactose (15 ~L, 10 mM with 1 ~Ci of eH] UOP-galactose). The mixture was incubated at 37°C for 60 minutes after which the reaction was stopped by the addition of EOTA (17 ~L, 0.3 M, pH = 7.4 adjusted with NaOH) and placing the tube on ice. The mixture was then passed through a column of Oowex 2X8 (200-400 mesh in cr form) already washed thoroughly with water. The unreacted UOP-galactose remained bound to the column while galactose which had been transferred to N-acetylglucosamine to form lactosamine, as well as free galactose, was eluted out with 1.5 mL of distilled water. One tenth of volume was taken for scintillation counting. For each assay, a control tube was run in which all

(1 ml) was added palladium on charcoal (10%, 176 mg) and formic acid (100 Ill). The mixture was stirred at 50°C for 3h after which the catalyst was filtered off and the solvent was evaporated. The residue was taken in a mixture of CH30H:water:triethylamine (5:3:2, 1.6 ml) and stirred for 2 days at rt. The reaction mixture was concentrated and the residue was repeatedly lyophilized to yield 82; ESMS (mlz): 387.34 (M-H)'. Guanosine 5'-diphospho-6-deoxy-6-fluoro-a-D-mannose (mono-triethylamine salt) 83. Mixture of 4-morpholine-N,N'-dicyclohexylcarboxaminidium guanosine 5'-monophosphomorpholidate (43 mg, 0.054 mmol ) and 82 (16 mg, 0.034 mmol) was coevaporated with dry pyridine (3 x 500 Ill). 1 H-tetrazole (8 mg, 0.108 mmol ) and dry pyridine (1 ml) were added and the mixture was stirred under argon atmosphere for 2 days. Water was added and the mixture was concentrated under reduced pressure to yield 83; ESMS (mlz): 606.11 (M-Hr.

solution of compound 80 and 1 H-tetrazole (7 mg, 0.102 mmol) in anhydrous CH2CI2 was added dibenzyl-N,N'-diisopropylphosphoramidite (42 Ill, 43.8 mg, 0.127 mmol) and the mixture was stirred under argon atmosphere for 2 h at rt. Subsequently, the reaction mixture was cooled to -40°C and m-CPBA (30 mg, 0.17 mmol) was added and stirring was continued for another 30 minutes at rt. The reaction was quenched by the addition of a solution of saturated sodium bicarbonate. The mixture was extracted with CH2CI2. The organic phase was thoroughly washed with water, dried over Na2S04 and concentrated to afford 81, which was purified by running a silica coated preparative TlC plate; R, = 0.12 (twice run in 30% ethyl acetate in hexane); 1H NMR: characterstic () 5.6 (1 H, dd, JHP = 6.3 Hz and JHH = 1.8 Hz); 13C NMR: () 20.50, 20.53, 20.60, 64.75, 68.11, 68.58, 69.86, 70.67, 70.93, 81.87, 95.01, 128-128.72, 169.38, 169.50, 169.67; 31 P NMR () -3.11; ESMS (m/z): 591.34 (M+Nat. 6-Deoxy-6-fluoro-a-D-mannosyl phosphate (82). To a solution of 81 (20 mg, 0.035 mmol) in CH30H

Methyl-S-deoxy-S-difluoro-a-D-mannopyranoside (78). DAST (134 Ill, 1 mmol) was added with stirring at -40 °c, to a suspension of methyl-a-D-mannopyranoside S2 (200 mg, 1 mmol) in anhydrous CH2Cb (4 ml). The mixture was stirred at -40 °c for another 30 minutes and then at rt for 3h. After cooling to -20°C, the excess of reagent was destroyed by addition of CH30H (600 Ill) and sodium bicarbonate (200 mg). The cooling bath was removed, and the mixture was filtered once effervescence ceased. The filtrate was concentrated and purified by silica column chromatography (3% CH30H in CH2CI2) to yield 78; Rf = 0.21 in 12.5% CH30H in CH2CI2• 1 ,2,3,4-Tetra-O-acetyl-S-deoxy-S-fluoro-a-D-mannopyranoside (79). To compound 78 (100 mg, 0.51 mmol) was added 2% sulfuric acid solution in acetic anhydride (1.2 ml). The mixture was stirred at rt for 90 minutes. The contents were diluted with saturated sodium bicarbonate solution. The mixture was extracted with ethyl acetate. The organic phase was thoroughly washed with water, dried over Na2S04and concentrated to afford 79; Rf = 0.35 in 50% ethyl acetate in hexane. 2,3,4-Tri-O-acetyl-S-deoxY-S-fluoro-a-D-manno-di-O-benzyl phosphate (81). Compound 79 ( 30 mg, 0.085 mmol) was dissolved in anhydrous acetonitrile saturated with dimethylamine (5 ml ) at -20°C and stirred for 3 h after which TlC confirmed the disappearance of starting material. Excess of dimethylamine was removed under reduced pressure at 30°C and the reaction mixture was concentrated to afford 2,3,4-tri-O-acetyl-6-deoxY-6-floro-a-D-mannopyranoside (80). To a stirred

The membranes were suspended (1.4 x 108 cell equivalent) in 250 J..ll of incorporation buffer (50 mM HEPES, pH = 7.4, 25 mM KCI, 5 mM MgCb, 5 mM MnCI2, 0.1 mM TlCK, 1 J..lg/ml leupeptin, 1 mM ATP, 0.5 mM dithiothreitol and 0.4 J..lg/ml tunicamycin). Each assay tube was prepared by adding 12.5 J..ll of 1% Chaps, 28 J..ll of 200 J..lM GDP-Man, 10 J..ll of GDP-[3H]Man (1 J..lCi) and 25 nmol of synthetic

The RNA was cross-linked onto the membrane after transfer by exposing it to the UV light of 200KJ/cm2 energy in a UV-crosslinker

The semi-quantitative reverse transcription-PCR (RT-PCR) involves the synthesis ofcomplementary DNA (cDNA)from RNA. For this, 1μgof RNAwas treated with 1μl (1 unit) DNase I enzyme (Sigma, amplification grade) for20 min to remove DNA contamination. DNase I was inactivated by heating at 70oC for 10 min. Next, 5pmol reverse primer wasadded along with dNTPs and volume made to 10μlwith DEPC-treated water; the mix washeated at 65oC for 5 min and incubated on ice forat least 1 min. The reverse transcription reaction was set up with this mix using the Superscript III RT kit (Invitrogen) as per manufacturer’s protocolto obtain cDNA. The cDNA servedas the template for setting up a PCR for requirednumber of cycles. The samples were finally run on agarose gels