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    1. A BRCA1 coiled-coil domain variant disrupting PALB2 interaction promotes the development of mammary tumors and confers a targetable defect in homologous recombination repair

      [Paper-level Aggregated] PMCID: PMC7612117

      Evidence Type(s): Oncogenic, Functional, Predisposing

      Justification: Oncogenic: The evidence indicates that the BRCA1 p.L1363P variant disrupts the interaction with PALB2, leads to embryonic lethality, and accelerates the development of Trp53-deficient mammary tumors, suggesting its role in cancer development. Functional: The study demonstrates that Brca1 p.L1363P impairs homologous recombination repair (HRR) and affects BRCA1-PALB2 interaction, indicating a functional defect associated with this variant. Predisposing: The findings suggest that the BRCA1 p.L1363P variant increases the risk of developing breast cancer, as it leads to tumor formation in a mouse model.

      Gene→Variant (gene-first): BRCA1(672):4220T>C TP53BP1(7158):p.L1363P BRCA1(672):p.L1407P TP53BP1(7158):L1363P BRCA1(672):leucine to proline

      Genes: BRCA1(672) TP53BP1(7158)

      Variants: 4220T>C p.L1363P p.L1407P L1363P leucine to proline

    2. The BRCA1 tumor suppressor gene encodes a multi-domain protein for which several functions have been described. These include a key role in homologous recombination repair (HRR) of DNA double-strand breaks (DSB), which i

      [Paragraph-level] PMCID: PMC7612117 Section: ABSTRACT PassageIndex: 1

      Evidence Type(s): Oncogenic, Predictive

      Justification: Oncogenic: The variant p.L1363P is shown to disrupt the interaction with PALB2 and leads to the development of mammary tumors, indicating its contribution to tumor development. Predictive: The passage states that Brca1 p.L1363P mammary tumors are responsive to cisplatin and PARP inhibition, suggesting a correlation with treatment response.

      Gene→Variant (gene-first): 7158:p.L1363P

      Genes: 7158

      Variants: p.L1363P

    3. To analyze the response of KB1(L1363P)P mammary tumors to HRR deficiency-targeted therapy, we performed orthotopic transplantations with spontaneous donor tumors as previously described. To capture the heterogeneity of K

      [Paragraph-level] PMCID: PMC7612117 Section: RESULTS PassageIndex: 15

      Evidence Type(s): Predictive, Oncogenic, Functional

      Justification: Predictive: The passage discusses the response of KB1(L1363P)P mammary tumors to targeted therapies, indicating that these tumors responded significantly better to cisplatin and the PARP inhibitor AZD2461, which correlates the variant with treatment response. Oncogenic: The variant is associated with tumor development and progression, as it is discussed in the context of mammary tumors and their response to therapies, suggesting a role in cancer biology. Functional: The passage describes how the variant affects the ability of tumor cells to induce RAD51 foci in response to gamma-radiation, indicating an alteration in molecular function related to DNA repair mechanisms.

      Gene→Variant (gene-first): 7158:L1363P 7158:p.L1363P

      Genes: 7158

      Variants: L1363P p.L1363P

    4. KB1(L1363P)P mammary tumors respond to cisplatin and PARP inhibition

      [Paragraph-level] PMCID: PMC7612117 Section: RESULTS PassageIndex: 14

      Evidence Type(s): Predictive

      Justification: Predictive: The variant L1363P is associated with a response to cisplatin and PARP inhibition, indicating its correlation with treatment sensitivity.

      Gene→Variant (gene-first): 7158:L1363P

      Genes: 7158

      Variants: L1363P

    5. KB1P mammary tumors are mainly adenocarcinomas, defined by their epithelial nature and solid growth pattern (Fig. 3D; Supplementary Fig. S4B). In contrast, KB1(L1363P)P mammary tumors are predominantly carcinosarcomas wi

      [Paragraph-level] PMCID: PMC7612117 Section: RESULTS PassageIndex: 13

      Evidence Type(s): Diagnostic, Oncogenic

      Justification: Diagnostic: The passage discusses how KB1(L1363P)P mammary tumors are classified as predominantly carcinosarcomas, indicating that the variant is used to define and classify a specific tumor subtype. Oncogenic: The variant L1363P is associated with the development of carcinosarcomas, suggesting that it contributes to tumor progression and development, which aligns with oncogenic behavior.

      Gene→Variant (gene-first): 7158:L1363P 7158:p.L1363P

      Genes: 7158

      Variants: L1363P p.L1363P

    6. KB1(L1363P)P mammary tumors show EMT-like phenotypes and limited genomic instability

      [Paragraph-level] PMCID: PMC7612117 Section: RESULTS PassageIndex: 12

      Evidence Type(s): Oncogenic

      Justification: Oncogenic: The passage indicates that the variant L1363P is associated with mammary tumors exhibiting EMT-like phenotypes, suggesting a role in tumor development or progression.

      Gene→Variant (gene-first): 7158:L1363P

      Genes: 7158

      Variants: L1363P

    7. The embryonic lethality of Brca1LP/LP mice indicates that an intact BRCA1 coiled-coil domain is functionally important in vivo, in line with its requirement for BRCA1-mediated HRR. To analyze whether the functional defec

      [Paragraph-level] PMCID: PMC7612117 Section: RESULTS PassageIndex: 11

      Evidence Type(s): Oncogenic, Functional

      Justification: Oncogenic: The passage discusses how the Brca1 p.L1363P variant contributes to tumor formation and accelerates tumor development in a mouse model, indicating its role in tumor progression. Functional: The passage indicates that the Brca1 p.L1363P variant has a functional defect that compromises BRCA1-mediated homologous recombination repair (HRR), suggesting an alteration in molecular function.

      Gene→Variant (gene-first): 7158:L1363P 7158:p.L1363P

      Genes: 7158

      Variants: L1363P p.L1363P

    8. Brca1 p.L1363P shows a defect in mammary tumor suppression

      [Paragraph-level] PMCID: PMC7612117 Section: RESULTS PassageIndex: 10

      Evidence Type(s): Oncogenic

      Justification: Oncogenic: The variant p.L1363P is associated with a defect in mammary tumor suppression, indicating its contribution to tumor development or progression.

      Gene→Variant (gene-first): 7158:p.L1363P

      Genes: 7158

      Variants: p.L1363P

    9. To verify whether mouse Brca1 p.L1363P phenocopies human BRCA1 p.L1407P, we analyzed Brca1LP/LP;Trp53Delta/Delta (LP/LP) mutant and Brca1LP/+;Trp53Delta/Delta (LP/+) control MEFs for BRCA1-PALB2 interaction and HRR defec

      [Paragraph-level] PMCID: PMC7612117 Section: RESULTS PassageIndex: 9

      Evidence Type(s): Predictive, Functional

      Justification: Predictive: The passage discusses increased sensitivity to cisplatin and PARP1 inhibition in the context of the Brca1 p.L1363P variant, indicating a correlation with treatment response. Functional: The variant p.L1363P is shown to severely attenuate BRCA1-PALB2 binding, which alters the molecular function related to homologous recombination repair (HRR).

      Gene→Variant (gene-first): 672:leucine to proline 7158:p.L1363P 672:p.L1407P

      Genes: 672 7158

      Variants: leucine to proline p.L1363P p.L1407P

    10. BRCA1 p.L1363P is unable to bind PALB2 and shows hypomorphic activity in HRR

      [Paragraph-level] PMCID: PMC7612117 Section: RESULTS PassageIndex: 8

      Evidence Type(s): Functional

      Justification: Functional: The passage indicates that the variant p.L1363P alters the binding ability of BRCA1 to PALB2 and affects its activity in homologous recombination repair (HRR), demonstrating a change in molecular function.

      Gene→Variant (gene-first): 7158:p.L1363P

      Genes: 7158

      Variants: p.L1363P

    11. In the complete absence of TP53, Brca1LP/LP mice developed apparently normal until at least E13.5, although no postnatal survival was observed upon compound heterozygous intercrosses (Table 3). This allowed us to isolate

      [Paragraph-level] PMCID: PMC7612117 Section: RESULTS PassageIndex: 7

      Evidence Type(s): Functional

      Justification: Functional: The passage discusses the evaluation of the functional consequences of the Brca1 p.L1363P variant, indicating that it alters molecular or biochemical function.

      Gene→Variant (gene-first): 7158:p.L1363P

      Genes: 7158

      Variants: p.L1363P

    12. For a first functional analysis of Brca1 p.L1363P in vivo, heterozygous Brca1LP mice were intercrossed and their offspring was genotyped. No Brca1LP/LP mice were born; therefore, embryos were analyzed at different stages

      [Paragraph-level] PMCID: PMC7612117 Section: RESULTS PassageIndex: 5

      Evidence Type(s): Functional, Oncogenic

      Justification: Functional: The passage discusses a functional analysis of the Brca1 p.L1363P variant, indicating that it alters embryonic development and leads to growth defects in mice, which demonstrates its impact on molecular or biochemical function. Oncogenic: The analysis of the Brca1 p.L1363P variant in the context of embryonic development and its comparison to Brca1-null mice suggests that it may contribute to tumor development or progression, as it is associated with severe phenotypes similar to pathogenic mutations in Brca1.

      Gene→Variant (gene-first): 7158:p.L1363P

      Genes: 7158

      Variants: p.L1363P

    13. Homozygous Brca1 p.L1363P (FVB) mice die during embryonic development

      [Paragraph-level] PMCID: PMC7612117 Section: RESULTS PassageIndex: 4

      Evidence Type(s): Oncogenic

      Justification: Oncogenic: The passage indicates that the homozygous variant p.L1363P in Brca1 leads to embryonic lethality in mice, suggesting that it contributes to tumor development or progression.

      Gene→Variant (gene-first): 7158:p.L1363P

      Genes: 7158

      Variants: p.L1363P

    14. We used CRISPR/Cas9-mediated genome editing in FVB mouse zygotes to model the BRCA1 coiled-coil domain VUS c.4220T>C p.L1407P, which disrupts the interaction of BRCA1 with PALB2. The BRCA1 coiled-coil domain is well cons

      [Paragraph-level] PMCID: PMC7612117 Section: RESULTS PassageIndex: 3

      Evidence Type(s): Functional, Oncogenic

      Justification: Functional: The passage discusses how the variant p.L1407P disrupts the interaction of BRCA1 with PALB2 and predicts that it disables the alpha-helical structure of the coiled-coil domain, indicating an alteration in molecular function. Oncogenic: The use of CRISPR/Cas9 to model the BRCA1 variant in mice suggests that the variant contributes to tumor development or progression, as it is being studied in the context of a gene essential for embryonic development and cancer biology.

      Gene→Variant (gene-first): 672:4220T>C 7158:p.L1363P 672:p.L1407P

      Genes: 672 7158

      Variants: 4220T>C p.L1363P p.L1407P

    15. The BRCA1 tumor suppressor gene encodes a multi-domain protein for which several functions have been described. These include a key role in homologous recombination repair (HRR) of DNA double-strand breaks (DSB), which i

      [Paragraph-level] PMCID: PMC7612117 Section: ABSTRACT PassageIndex: 1

      Evidence Type(s): Oncogenic, Predictive

      Justification: Oncogenic: The variant p.L1363P is shown to disrupt the interaction with PALB2 and leads to the development of mammary tumors, indicating its contribution to tumor development. Predictive: The passage states that Brca1 p.L1363P mammary tumors are responsive to cisplatin and PARP inhibition, suggesting a correlation with treatment response.

      Gene→Variant (gene-first): 7158:p.L1363P

      Genes: 7158

      Variants: p.L1363P

    16. To analyze the response of KB1(L1363P)P mammary tumors to HRR deficiency-targeted therapy, we performed orthotopic transplantations with spontaneous donor tumors as previously described. To capture the heterogeneity of K

      [Paragraph-level] PMCID: PMC7612117 Section: RESULTS PassageIndex: 15

      Evidence Type(s): Predictive, Oncogenic, Functional

      Justification: Predictive: The passage discusses the response of KB1(L1363P)P mammary tumors to targeted therapies, indicating that these tumors responded significantly better to cisplatin and the PARP inhibitor AZD2461, which correlates the variant with treatment response. Oncogenic: The variant is associated with tumor development and progression, as it is discussed in the context of mammary tumors and their response to therapies, suggesting a role in cancer biology. Functional: The passage describes how the variant affects the ability of tumor cells to induce RAD51 foci in response to gamma-radiation, indicating an alteration in molecular function related to DNA repair mechanisms.

      Gene→Variant (gene-first): 7158:L1363P 7158:p.L1363P

      Genes: 7158

      Variants: L1363P p.L1363P

    17. KB1(L1363P)P mammary tumors respond to cisplatin and PARP inhibition

      [Paragraph-level] PMCID: PMC7612117 Section: RESULTS PassageIndex: 14

      Evidence Type(s): Predictive

      Justification: Predictive: The variant L1363P is associated with a response to cisplatin and PARP inhibition, indicating its correlation with treatment sensitivity.

      Gene→Variant (gene-first): 7158:L1363P

      Genes: 7158

      Variants: L1363P

    18. KB1P mammary tumors are mainly adenocarcinomas, defined by their epithelial nature and solid growth pattern (Fig. 3D; Supplementary Fig. S4B). In contrast, KB1(L1363P)P mammary tumors are predominantly carcinosarcomas wi

      [Paragraph-level] PMCID: PMC7612117 Section: RESULTS PassageIndex: 13

      Evidence Type(s): Diagnostic, Oncogenic

      Justification: Diagnostic: The passage discusses how KB1(L1363P)P mammary tumors are classified as predominantly carcinosarcomas, indicating that the variant is used to define and classify a specific tumor subtype. Oncogenic: The variant L1363P is associated with the development of carcinosarcomas, suggesting that it contributes to tumor progression and development, which aligns with oncogenic behavior.

      Gene→Variant (gene-first): 7158:L1363P 7158:p.L1363P

      Genes: 7158

      Variants: L1363P p.L1363P

    19. KB1(L1363P)P mammary tumors show EMT-like phenotypes and limited genomic instability

      [Paragraph-level] PMCID: PMC7612117 Section: RESULTS PassageIndex: 12

      Evidence Type(s): Oncogenic

      Justification: Oncogenic: The passage indicates that the variant L1363P is associated with mammary tumors exhibiting EMT-like phenotypes, suggesting a role in tumor development or progression.

      Gene→Variant (gene-first): 7158:L1363P

      Genes: 7158

      Variants: L1363P

    20. The embryonic lethality of Brca1LP/LP mice indicates that an intact BRCA1 coiled-coil domain is functionally important in vivo, in line with its requirement for BRCA1-mediated HRR. To analyze whether the functional defec

      [Paragraph-level] PMCID: PMC7612117 Section: RESULTS PassageIndex: 11

      Evidence Type(s): Oncogenic, Functional

      Justification: Oncogenic: The passage discusses how the Brca1 p.L1363P variant contributes to tumor formation and accelerates tumor development in a mouse model, indicating its role in tumor progression. Functional: The passage indicates that the Brca1 p.L1363P variant has a functional defect that compromises BRCA1-mediated homologous recombination repair (HRR), suggesting an alteration in molecular function.

      Gene→Variant (gene-first): 7158:L1363P 7158:p.L1363P

      Genes: 7158

      Variants: L1363P p.L1363P

    21. Brca1 p.L1363P shows a defect in mammary tumor suppression

      [Paragraph-level] PMCID: PMC7612117 Section: RESULTS PassageIndex: 10

      Evidence Type(s): Oncogenic

      Justification: Oncogenic: The variant p.L1363P is associated with a defect in mammary tumor suppression, indicating its contribution to tumor development or progression.

      Gene→Variant (gene-first): 7158:p.L1363P

      Genes: 7158

      Variants: p.L1363P

    22. To verify whether mouse Brca1 p.L1363P phenocopies human BRCA1 p.L1407P, we analyzed Brca1LP/LP;Trp53Delta/Delta (LP/LP) mutant and Brca1LP/+;Trp53Delta/Delta (LP/+) control MEFs for BRCA1-PALB2 interaction and HRR defec

      [Paragraph-level] PMCID: PMC7612117 Section: RESULTS PassageIndex: 9

      Evidence Type(s): Predictive, Functional

      Justification: Predictive: The passage discusses increased sensitivity to cisplatin and PARP1 inhibition in the context of the Brca1 p.L1363P variant, indicating a correlation with treatment response. Functional: The variant p.L1363P is shown to severely attenuate BRCA1-PALB2 binding, which alters the molecular function related to homologous recombination repair (HRR).

      Gene→Variant (gene-first): 672:leucine to proline 7158:p.L1363P 672:p.L1407P

      Genes: 672 7158

      Variants: leucine to proline p.L1363P p.L1407P

    23. BRCA1 p.L1363P is unable to bind PALB2 and shows hypomorphic activity in HRR

      [Paragraph-level] PMCID: PMC7612117 Section: RESULTS PassageIndex: 8

      Evidence Type(s): Functional

      Justification: Functional: The passage indicates that the variant p.L1363P alters the binding ability of BRCA1 to PALB2 and affects its activity in homologous recombination repair (HRR), demonstrating a change in molecular function.

      Gene→Variant (gene-first): 7158:p.L1363P

      Genes: 7158

      Variants: p.L1363P

    24. In the complete absence of TP53, Brca1LP/LP mice developed apparently normal until at least E13.5, although no postnatal survival was observed upon compound heterozygous intercrosses (Table 3). This allowed us to isolate

      [Paragraph-level] PMCID: PMC7612117 Section: RESULTS PassageIndex: 7

      Evidence Type(s): Functional

      Justification: Functional: The passage discusses the evaluation of the functional consequences of the Brca1 p.L1363P variant, indicating that it alters molecular or biochemical function.

      Gene→Variant (gene-first): 7158:p.L1363P

      Genes: 7158

      Variants: p.L1363P

    25. For a first functional analysis of Brca1 p.L1363P in vivo, heterozygous Brca1LP mice were intercrossed and their offspring was genotyped. No Brca1LP/LP mice were born; therefore, embryos were analyzed at different stages

      [Paragraph-level] PMCID: PMC7612117 Section: RESULTS PassageIndex: 5

      Evidence Type(s): Functional, Oncogenic

      Justification: Functional: The passage discusses a functional analysis of the Brca1 p.L1363P variant, indicating that it alters embryonic development and leads to growth defects in mice, which demonstrates its impact on molecular or biochemical function. Oncogenic: The analysis of the Brca1 p.L1363P variant in the context of embryonic development and its comparison to Brca1-null mice suggests that it may contribute to tumor development or progression, as it is associated with severe phenotypes similar to pathogenic mutations in Brca1.

      Gene→Variant (gene-first): 7158:p.L1363P

      Genes: 7158

      Variants: p.L1363P

    26. Homozygous Brca1 p.L1363P (FVB) mice die during embryonic development

      [Paragraph-level] PMCID: PMC7612117 Section: RESULTS PassageIndex: 4

      Evidence Type(s): Oncogenic

      Justification: Oncogenic: The passage indicates that the homozygous variant p.L1363P in Brca1 leads to embryonic lethality in mice, suggesting that it contributes to tumor development or progression.

      Gene→Variant (gene-first): 7158:p.L1363P

      Genes: 7158

      Variants: p.L1363P

    27. We used CRISPR/Cas9-mediated genome editing in FVB mouse zygotes to model the BRCA1 coiled-coil domain VUS c.4220T>C p.L1407P, which disrupts the interaction of BRCA1 with PALB2. The BRCA1 coiled-coil domain is well cons

      [Paragraph-level] PMCID: PMC7612117 Section: RESULTS PassageIndex: 3

      Evidence Type(s): Functional, Oncogenic

      Justification: Functional: The passage discusses how the variant p.L1407P disrupts the interaction of BRCA1 with PALB2 and predicts that it disables the alpha-helical structure of the coiled-coil domain, indicating an alteration in molecular function. Oncogenic: The use of CRISPR/Cas9 to model the BRCA1 variant in mice suggests that the variant contributes to tumor development or progression, as it is being studied in the context of a gene essential for embryonic development and cancer biology.

      Gene→Variant (gene-first): 672:4220T>C 7158:p.L1363P 672:p.L1407P

      Genes: 672 7158

      Variants: 4220T>C p.L1363P p.L1407P