On 2013 Oct 24, Karim N'Diaye commented:

A very interesting perspective, but it overlooks that deep-brain stimulation is another option towards neuromodulation in psychiatry. Though, I agree that DBS is highly invasive and thus limited to the most severe resistant cases. I don't clearly see why their argument should be limited to non-invasive approaches such as rTMS (which are not devoid of any risk, hence better called low-risk rather than non-invasive).

In fact, closed-loop/neurofeedback systems are a real trend in the field of DBS, with strong proponents in the context of psychiatric disorders (eg. Ward MP, 2010 in depression), finding support with the promising results obtained in neurological conditions (eg. Parkinson's disease: Rosin B, 2011) and the advent of novel tools combining not only electric field potentials measures but also voltammetry within a minimal volume (Chang SY, 2013). And indeed, the field is burgeoning with discussions regarding the concrete ethical issue raised by these technologies (Vaadia E, 2009) as well as the broader anthropological changes they may convey (Moutaud, B, « C'est un problème neurologique ou psychiatrique?» , Les Cahiers du Centre Georges Canguilhem, 2008).

On 2013 Oct 24, Karim N'Diaye commented:

A very interesting perspective, but it overlooks that deep-brain stimulation is another option towards neuromodulation in psychiatry. Though, I agree that DBS is highly invasive and thus limited to the most severe resistant cases. I don't clearly see why their argument should be limited to non-invasive approaches such as rTMS (which are not devoid of any risk, hence better called low-risk rather than non-invasive).

In fact, closed-loop/neurofeedback systems are a real trend in the field of DBS, with strong proponents in the context of psychiatric disorders (eg. Ward MP, 2010 in depression), finding support with the promising results obtained in neurological conditions (eg. Parkinson's disease: Rosin B, 2011) and the advent of novel tools combining not only electric field potentials measures but also voltammetry within a minimal volume (Chang SY, 2013). And indeed, the field is burgeoning with discussions regarding the concrete ethical issue raised by these technologies (Vaadia E, 2009) as well as the broader anthropological changes they may convey (Moutaud, B, « C'est un problème neurologique ou psychiatrique?» , Les Cahiers du Centre Georges Canguilhem, 2008).