approach that is both more just and scientific, by offering biologicaldynamism, biological expansiveness/emergence, and biological con-textualism. These, in turn, help us to move beyond not just biolo-gisms, but related regressive ideologies that enact real harms topeople, groups, and hermeneutical justice or knowledge frameworks.ConclusionsHow can biobehavioral research move beyond binaries andbiologisms? In this article, I have laid out how concepts like gen-der/sex and methodological approaches like social neuroendocri-nolog

Biobehavioral research beyond biologisms offers a way to incor-porate biological parameters into psychological research beyond bio-logical determinism, reductionism, and essentialism. It offers an

Social neuroendocrinology and gender/sex can provide a usefulapproach to biobehavioral research because they offer some spe-cific ways to avoid biologism. But, like most of what I have dis-cussed in this paper, biologism is not just one thing. There arethree important and commonly discussed iterations of biologismand, moreover, three biological ways beyond them that I propose(see Figure 2).Biological determinism holds that biological factors, and notsocial or environmental ones, are the real, main, or most signifi-cant cause of life-related phenomena. It involves searching onlyfor biological causes and/or articulating explicitly or implicitlythat only biological causes matter.

. Yet binaries are notoriously inept atdescribing the world, most poignantly because they exclude real-ities that exist beyond them (Fausto-Sterling, 2020; Waters, 2001).