Further, Black children had a tendency to associate more negative attitudes towardsthe Black doll
Another factor that could yield such result black children associating more negative attitudes towards themselves is peer pressure. For example, if majority of the white children choose their own race black children will prefer white because everyone is going for white seems like the right option to them.
Overall, they found that most of the children preferred the dollof their own race. According to Hraba and Grant
Sometimes we have to consider other factors like why would a child prefer the doll of their own race. For example, one of the reason could be that they basically would think just because this doll is the same race as them they attribute similar characteristics.
Seventeen parents did not complete the entire demographic sheet therefore theirsocioeconomic status could not be determined.
Some parents don't fill out demographic data sheet purposely because they have a fear that they will be disqualified from the benefits other race, stereotype or ethnicity get.
According to Jackson and Greene (2000), African Americans still have apreference for lighter skin and straighter hair texture but these preferences are lessovert. Hair texture is subject to Eurocentric beauty standards and the idea of “goodhair” and “bad hair” continues as a well-known concept among African Americans.
We see another example of low-self esteem here when it comes to African Americans because they preference for lighter skin and straighter hair texture the Eurocentric beauty standards show how they are not confident with themself and their race.
Moreover, researchers have realized the importance of racial awareness forminority groups (e.g., Cross, 1991; Hraba & Grant, 1970; Spencer 2010) in termsof social development. Previous research focusing on racial awareness and skintone preference suggested that young Black children show a preference for Whitedolls over Black dolls (Davis, 2006) with more negative traits being attributed tothe doll of their own race.
The long term segregation of African Americans made black children vulnerable. It is clear that, black children have developed some kind of internal bias towards their own race. For example, Black children show preference for White dolls over Black dolls.
On his final day of testing, for ex-ample, Albert initially did not avoid the rabbit towhich he had been conditioned; he then attemptedto avoid it, but then "after about a minute hereached out tentatively and slowly and touchedthe rabbit's ear with his right hand, finally manip-ulating it" (Watson & Rayner, 1920, p. II).3
Even though he did try to touch the rabbit, it doesn't necessarily means that all of the effects of the conditioning are completely gone. Who could be accountable and tell everyone for sure that Alberts reactions and the way he behaves are only temporary and not long-term? Watson? Rayner?
He allowed the rat to crawl towards him without with-drawing. He sat very still and fixated intently. Rat thentouched his hand. Albert withdrew it immediately, thenleaned back as far as possible but did not cry. When therat was placed on his arm he withdrew his body andbegan to fret, nodding his head. The rat was then al-lowed to crawl against his chest. He first began to fretand then covered has eyes with both hands, (p. 11)
He was reconditioned back not to fear rats but was it a long term conditioning? Probably not. Did the reconditioning leave life long effects on little Albert?
This was done by presenting a whiterat to Albert, followed by a loud clanging sound(of the hammer and steel bar) whenever Alberttouched the animal.
Why was a rat represented instead of something like a hamster? Why the color of the rat had to be white exactly? Is it because white represents peace and calmness? Or was it just randomly was selected?
At approximately 9 monthsof age, Albert was tested and was judged to showno fear when successively observing a number oflive animals (e.g., a rat, a rabbit, a dog, and amonkey), and various inanimate objects (e.g.,cotton, human masks, a burning newspaper).
Why did Watson and Rayner select a baby thats 9 month old particularly? Would the baby have reacted differently if the baby was 5 months of age? 16 month of age?