Normalization refers to each fact being expressed in one place. The objective is to divide up your information into as many standard subsets as is practical. However, atomic specificity and perfection are impossible and not going to help anyone. Getting to granular may make a huge, unwieldy dataset. Ultimately, analysis will likely require recombining data together again, but that task will be straightforward if your data is normal. Whether you’re working in a relational database or performing analyses on derived tables, appropriate normalization may vary. But considering normalization of data from the start can keep things clean.

“What data am I using? Whose labor produced it and what biases and assumptions are built into it? Why choose this particular phenomenon for digitization or transcription? And what do the data leave out?”

The key to productive failure as we envision it is to recognize when one’s work is suffering from a type 1 or type 2 fail, and to transform it to a type 3 or type 4

The second, while labeled ‘human failure’ really means that the context, the framework for encountering the technology was not erected properly, leading to a failure to appreciate what the technology could do or how it was intended to be used

‘Social Network Analysis promises to revolutionize our knowledge of the social contexts that underpin archaeological fieldwork, putting this power in the hands of everyone from the site director on down.’

outline of a project involves figuring out: the question, problem, or provocation sources (primary, secondary) analytical activity audience product

Digital archaeology of the 21st century is necessarily a public archaeology. Public archaeology seeks to promote awareness of what archaeology is, how it is done, and why it matters amongst members of the general audience

We can see this in the sense that a measurement performed by a total station will be 'correct' within its own parameters but nevertheless 'wrong' because it was improperly set up or targeted in the first place.

Procedural transparency concerns the degree of effort and conscious attention for the embodied agent to deploy a cognitive artefact – something that is simple and instinctive to use is highly transparent, but many of the devices archaeologists use require training over time and hence are less transparent

Informational (or representational) transparency relates to the ease or otherwise with which the human agent can interpret and understand the information represented by the artefact (Heersmink 2012, 52; 2015, 589-90). So, for example, a total station plotting three-dimensional data points directly to an onscreen map could be seen as having quite a high degree of transparency

An alternative approach to the extended mind is one in which human cognition is seen as being scaffolded or supported by external devices, without those devices necessarily demonstrating cognition themselves. Such cognitive artefacts may operate in different ways and using different functions such that they complement human cognition – in effect they extend what the human mind can do, rather than replicate it.

These cognitive artefacts support us in performing tasks that otherwise at best we would have to conduct using more laborious and time-consuming methods (film photography or measured survey using tapes, for instance) or that we would not be able to undertake (we cannot physically see beneath the ground, or determine the chemical constituents of an object, for example). Furthermore, a characteristic of archaeology is the way that we adopt and apply tools and techniques developed in other domains (Schollar 1999, 8; Lull 1999, 381). Consequently, most if not all of the cognitive artefacts used in archaeology are designed outside their discipline of application, meaning we have little or no control over their development and manufacture, and hence their internal modes of operation have to be taken at face value.

research questions, choice of data, and the kinds of analyses and outputs

ever-changing set of apparatuses – technological, methodological, software, hardware, material, immaterial