Treatment

Mechanism of Viral Replication

Mechanism of Viral Protein Synthesis and Replication

Vaccination, Treatment & Public Health Concerns

Virulence factors in Escherichia coli urinary tract infection.

Role of Uropathogenic Escherichia coli Virulence Factors in Development of Urinary Tract Infection and Kidney Damage

E. coli are covered with fimbriae, which are tiny, finger-like appendages that slowly climb up the walls of your urinary tract. Fimbriae are made of lectins, proteins that bond perfectly with mannose — cells that line your urinary tract — making bacteria hard to wash out

ENTEROBACTERIACEAE

Biofilms: the environmental playground of Legionella pneumophila

Virulence Properties of the Legionella Pneumophila Cell Envelope

Legionella pneumophila is responsible for 1% to 4% of cases of community-acquired pneumonia requiring hospitalization

emperatures of 20 to 50 degrees Celsius (optimal 35 degrees Celsius

s illnesses have occurred after short exposures and 3 or more km from the source of outbreaks

Legionella pneumophila and related species are commonly found in lakes, rivers, creeks, hot springs and other bodies of wate

Isolation and identification of N. gonorrhoeae

Spectinomycin Resistance

uoroquinolone resistance (53.2%) in Neisseria gonorrhoeae

. These data suggest that large noncharged amino acids alter the rRNA structure near the tetracycline-binding site, leading to a lower affinity of the antibiot

The laboratory diagnosis of Neisseria gonorrhoeae

Presumptive diagnosis of gonorrhea is made on the basis of one of the following three criteria:typical gram-negative intracellular diplococci on microscopic examination of a smear of urethral exudate from men or endocervical secretions from women*;growth of a gram-negative, oxidase-positive diplococcus, from the urethra (men) or endocervix (women), on a selective culture medium, and demonstration of typical colonial morphology, positive oxidase reaction, and typical gram- negative morphology;detection of N. gonorrhoeae by a nonculture laboratory test (Antigen detection test (e.g., Gonozyme [Abbott]), direct specimen nucleic acid probe test (e.g., Pace II [GenProbe]), nucleic acid amplification test (e.g., LCR [Abbott]).

Growth Requirements of N. Gonorrhoeae

Pharyngeal infectionMay be sole site of infection if oral-genital contact is the only exposureMost often asymptomatic,but symptoms, if present, may include pharyngitis, tonsillitis, fever,and cervical adenitis. Exudative pharyngitis is rare.

Microbiologyand PathologyoEtiologic agent is Neisseria gonorrhoeae.oGram-negative intracellular diplococcus, oxidase-positive, utilizes glucose, but not sucrose, maltose, or lactose. Infects mucus-secreting epithelial cells.oDivides by binary fission every 20-30 minutes.oN. gonorrhoeaeattachesto different types of mucus-secreting epithelial cells via a number of structures located on the surface of gonococci.oN. gonorrhoeaehas ability to alter these surface structures, which helps the organism evade an effective host response.oN. gonorrhoeaeemploys several mechanisms to disarm the complement system, which may result in a survival advantage in the humanhost.

Gram-negative intracellular diplococcus, oxidase-positive, utilizes glucose, but not sucrose, maltose, or lactose. In

Pharyngeal gonorrheais readily acquired by fellatio but less efficientlyacquired bycunnilingus.

Oral cephalosporins are up to 90 percent effective, compared with 99 percent for intramuscular ceftriaxone (Rocephin

oropharyngeal erythema or exudates

nucleic acid amplification tests (NAATs)

Gonococcal specimens should be subcultured from the selective primary medium to a noninhibitory medium, e.g., chocolate agar with 1% IsoVitaleX to obtain a pure culture of the specimen. If the subcultured specimen is not pure, serial subcultures of individual colonies must be performed until a pure culture is obtained. After 18 to 20 hrs. incubation, a heavy suspension of growth from the pure culture should be made in trypticase soy broth containing 20% (v/v) glycerol

A presumptive identification of N. gonorrhoeae will be based on the following criteria: (i) growth of typical appearing colonies on a selective medium such as Thayer-Martin at 35oC to 36.5oC in 5% CO2, (ii) a positive oxidase test, and (iii) the observation of gram-negative, oxidase-positive diplococci in stained smears.

NAATs that have been demonstrated to detect commensal Neisseria species might have comparable low specificity when testing oropharyngeal specimens for N gonorrhoeae

pharyngeal infections with N. gonorrhoeae are frequently asymptomatic

Extensive clinical experience indicates that ceftriaxone is safe and effective for the treatment of uncomplicated gonorrhea at all anatomic sites, curing 99.2% of uncomplicated urogenital and anorectal and 98.9% of pharyngeal infections in clinical trials (

Limited data suggest that dual treatment with azithromycin might enhance treatment efficacy for pharyngeal infection when using oral cephalosporins (

Ceftriaxone treatment failures for pharyngeal infections have been reported in Australia

Detection of infection using Gram stain of endocervical, pharyngeal, and rectal specimens also is insufficient and is not recommended.

noculated directly and when the growth medium is promptly incubated in an increased CO2 environment

Penicillin kills bacteria by inhibiting the proteins which cross-link peptidoglycans in the cell wall (Figure 8).•When a bacterium divides i

Two Cases of Invasive Vancomycin-Resistant Group B Streptococcus Infection

Resistance of group B streptococcus (GBS) to antibiotics, particularly erythromycin and clindamycin, w

1 week after moderate trauma.

similar in weight

osteomyeliti

endocarditis

ith S. aureus, there are only a handful of vancomycin-resistant strains.

Bile-esculin Tes

Antibiotic-killing kinetics of group B streptococci.

Antimicrobial Susceptibilities of Group B Streptococcus Isolates from Prenatal Screening Samples

How antibiotics kill bacteria: from targets to networks

BS strains resistant to penicillin were found to contain spontaneous mutations that conferred amino-acid substitutions

Lancefield group B antigen

GBS hyaluronidase degrades pro-inflammatory hyaluronan (HA) fragments to disaccharides•HA disaccharides block TLR2/4 signaling by both HA fragments and TLR2/4 agonists•Hyaluronidases secreted by Gram-positive pathogens promote immune evasion•HA disaccharides and GBS hyaluronidase inhibit inflammation in a lung injury model

Types of Infection and Symptoms

chromogenic pigments for the detection of beta-hemolytic GBS using color detection

TransVag broth may be supplemented with 5% defibrinated sheep blood to increase the recovery of GBS

Pasteurellosis is a zoonotic disease. It is caused by infection with bacteria of the Pasteurella genus

soft tissue infection

hickens, turkeys, cattle, swine, cats, dogs and rodents