- Apr 2022
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farthing
A farthing is an old English term for a quarter of a penny. It became in regular use during the 13th century. It was used for the purpose of change. "so that a halfpenny was literally half a penny and a farthing a quarter or ‘fourthing’." Approximately a 100 years later it went out of rotation for being too small.
Works cited: The Royal Mint. “Halfpenny and Farthing.” The Royal Mint Museum, 30 Mar. 2020, www.royalmintmuseum.org.uk/journal/curators-corner/halfpenny-and-farthing.
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The host fancied he called him Castellan because he took him for a “worthy of Castile,” though he was in fact an Andalusian
In this quote we can understand that it is more trustworthy to be known as someone from Castile then someone from Andalusia since the host appreciated being considered so. However, the host is in fact not from Castile and may not be as trustworthy as he appears as he is as smart as a thief (self-proclaimed). Which we later see by the treatment of Don from the host. This small quote also demonstrates the pre-conceived notions the locals and travelers would have of people from these two different parts. It is also an example of his tendency towards chivalry.
Works cited: Worden W. Sancho Panza, Illiterate Literary Critic, and the Unmasking of Generic Conventions in “Don Quixote.” Comparative Literature Studies. 2006;43(4):498-514. doi:10.1353/cls.2007.0023
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On, with a sheep’s courage! quoth he. Despatch this boy, and we will speedily fall to work for the making of another. Ha! said she, so well as you speak at your own ease, you that are men! Well, then, in the name of God, I’ll do my best, seeing that you will have it so, but would to God that it were cut off from you! What? said Grangousier. Ha, said she, you are a good man indeed, you understand it well enough. What, my member? said he. By the goat’s blood, if it please you, that shall be done instantly; cause bring hither a knife. Alas, said she, the Lord forbid, and pray Jesus to forgive me! I did not say it from my heart, therefore let it alone, and do not do it neither more nor less any kind of harm for my speaking so to you. But I am like to have work enough to do to-day and all for your member, yet God bless you and it.
This is an example of further satire in the readings of "Gargantua and Pantagruel". Gergamelle threatens that it is easy for a man to say move a long and give birth when they aren't experiencing the pain of child birth. In quick retaliation of his unthoughtfulness she threatens he should cut off his private parts in a sense to understand her pain. It is a funny conversation that is clearly to be taken as satire.
Cited: Ђурин Т. Раблеов Homo Bibens И Превођење Пијанке. Annual Review of the Faculty of Philosophy / Godisnjak Filozofskog Fakulteta. 2012;37(2):47-60. Accessed April 2, 2022. https://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&AuthType=cookie,shib&db=aph&AN=109491148&authtype=shib&site=ehost-live&scope=site
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True it is, that this little is more savoury and delicious than the great quantities of other sorts of meat, because the marrow (as Galen testifieth, 5. facult. nat. & 11. de usu partium) is a nourishment most perfectly elaboured by nature.
This description helps to outline the eating habits demonstrated in the 16th century. As well, it outlines the importance the giants placed on food. He even uses food as an allegory to teach a lesson.
Cited: Rössner S. The giants Gargantua and Pantagruel - 16th century lifestyle habits. Obesity Reviews. 2017;18(9):1108-1109. doi:10.1111/obr.12555
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- Mar 2022
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covenant
A covenant was seen as a promise or oath and breaking it would have dire consequences. This is the pretext moment before they agree to strike one blow at each other. Sir Gawain believes to take the Green Knight's head and would not have to take a hit in return so later he is surprised when the Green Knight picks up his head and Sir Gawain realizes the dire consequence of this covenant.
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The Knight came without armor of any fashion. A hauberk is a type of shirt mail that Knights wore for protection under their armor. Arriving in this fashion demonstrated the Knights boisterous bravery. Especially since later on in the story he proposes a challenge while not wearing any armor. https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/hauberk
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- Feb 2022
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KARMA
Karma is defined as one's sacred duty. All actions have consequences according to karma. All good virtues can be found in performing the right actions; for example, sacrifice, honesty, lack of greed, no anger, reliable, and etc. Karma can also be explained as all good action will not go unaccounted for and will return to you in another form.
Michael, S. J.Pavulraj. “Karma Yoga in the Bhagavad Gita: Way for All to Self-Realization.” Asia Journal of Theology, vol. 28, no. 2, Oct. 2014, pp. 203–27. EBSCOhost, search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&AuthType=cookie,shib&db=aph&AN=99414623&authtype=shib&site=ehost-live&scope=site.
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There, setting hard his mind upon The One, Restraining heart and senses, silent, calm, Let him accomplish Yoga, and achieve Pureness of soul, holding immovable
Yoga is a very important part of the Bhagavad Gita. It is the discovery of self using mental meditation and inner reflection. According to Pavulrag it is comparable as the "battlefield of soul". Meaning the place where we must reflect on who we are in the world and our purpose.
MICHAEL, Pavulraj. “Battlefield of Soul A Rereading of Symbols in the Bhagavad Gita.” Asia Journal of Theology, vol. 31, no. 1, Apr. 2017, pp. 3–20. EBSCOhost, search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&AuthType=cookie,shib&db=aph&AN=123452024&authtype=shib&site=ehost-live&scope=site.
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