However, Arctic® apples are only grown in the US,

developed by Okanagan Specialty Fruits Company in Canada, and the Golden Delicious, Granny Smith, and Fuji varieties have received approval for cultivation, human consumption and use as animal feed in both Canada and the US

leading to the generation of dsRNA and the suppression of homologous genes by post-transcriptional silencing3

browning only occurs in cut or otherwise damaged frui

catalyzed by PPO, and their condensation with amino acids and proteins generates lignin-like compounds that cause browning.

Okanagan Specialty Fruits developed Arctic® Apple events GD743 (Golden Delicious), GS784 (Granny Smith)33 and GS784 (Fuji)35 using their patented method to limit quinone biosynthesis

Fruit quality is affected by the activity of polyphenoloxidases (PPOs), which oxidize phenolic compounds and cause gradual browning in fleshy fruits such as apple.

In 1992, the first PRSV-resistant papayas were developed

Currently, there are three commercial varieties of Arctic® apple: Arctic® Golden Delicious, Arctic® Granny Smith, and Arctic® Fuji. Commercial harvest of Arctic® Golden Delicious and Arctic® Granny Smith started in 2016, and Arctic® Fuji will be on the market in 202135.

the inactivation of PPOs by irradiation, or through the use of chemical inhibitors and natural antioxidants32

Most of the transgenic fruits were developed to improve agronomic productivity by conferring pest or disease

The first genetically engineered fruit product (Flavr Savr™ tomato) was deregulated in 1992 and introduced into the market in 1994

to maintain the characteristics of the original variety the transgenic events should be derived from mature tissue (such as leaves) rather than embryogenic explants3.

by Agrobacterium-mediated transformation or direct DNA transfer.

Genetic engineering allows improved varieties to be developed more quickly, and the vegetative propagation of fruit trees allows the engineered cultivars to achieve coverage of larger areas than crops that depend on sexual reproduction2