6 Matching Annotations
  1. May 2025
    1. 3. When Phaedra sees Hippolytus for the very first time in the narrative of Pausanias 2.32.3, as I noted in the posting for 2018.06.21, she is already falling in love with the youthful hero. In that posting, I was worrying about the translation ‘fall in love’ for erân/erâsthai in the “present” or imperfective aspect of the relevant verb used by Pausanias—and for erasthênai in its aorist aspect, as he uses it elsewhere. In the present posting, 2018.08.03, I still worry about that translation—and I continue to prefer the wording ‘conceive an erotic passion’ as a more accurate way to capture the moment—but now I worry more about the actual moment of erotic passion in Pausanias 2.32.3. As we will see, that moment is really a recurrence of moments. The storytelling of Pausanias points to an untold number of moments for experiencing the erotic passion—as expressed by the “present” or imperfective aspect of the verb, erân, and by the imperfect tense of the verb apo-blepein ‘gaze away, look off into the distance’. Further, there is a divine force that presides over all these moments, embodied in the sacralized role of Aphrodite as the kataskopiā, ‘the one who is looking down from on high’.

      Annotation about Phaedra and Hippolytus Author: David Sanchez CC License: CC BY-NC

      Euripides' Hippolytus offers us different perspectives for the study of gender politics and the construction of the hero in ancient Greek culture. In the narrative, we can see how Phaedra visualizes herself fantasizing about being like Hippolytus and Artemis, and her desire to represent a manly hunter. Still, at the same time, she wishes to be seen as a feminine figure who would highlight the qualities of the goddess Artemis. Phaedra's fantasies generate gender tension as she attempts to perform purely masculine acts, in keeping with the context of the situation and the culture of ancient Greece. Gender politics generate a cultural conflict that Phaedra was willing to ignore by setting aside her femininity by idealizing herself as a hunter, and relegating her femininity by following the masculine and heroic tendencies culturally contextualized in ancient Greece and its gender politics that predominated its culture and social beliefs. At this point, Phaedra was having an internal conflict in trying to ignore what she was, because she fantasized about being something different from femininity and feeling desired as a woman, which was a somewhat complex and tragic situation for her.

      References: “More on The Love Story of Phaedra and Hippolytus: Comparing the References in Pausanias and Euripides.” Classical Inquiries, 5 Feb. 2022, classical-inquiries.chs.harvard.edu/more-on-the-love-story-of-phaedra-and-hippolytus-comparing-the-references-in-pausanias-and-euripides/.

    2. Commons. §1. In The Ancient Greek Hero in 24 Hours, 20§57, I focus on the painterly passage in the Hippolytus of Euripides where Phaedra, in an erotic reverie, puts herself into the picture, as it were. Into a picture of what? She pictures herself as Hippolytus hunting in the wilderness. But it can also be said that she pictures herself as Artemis hunting in the wilderness. Here is how Phaedra expresses her passionate desire (Hippolytus 219–222): ‘I swear by the gods, I have a passionate desire [erâsthai] to give a hunter’s shout to the hounds, |and, with my blond hair and all (in the background), to throw | a Thessalian javelin, holding (in the foreground) the barbed | dart in my hand’. In my translation here, I have added within parentheses the cues ‘in the background’ and ‘in the foreground’. That is because, in her painterly imagination, Phaedra even poses herself in the act of hurling a hunting javelin that is foregrounded against the golden background of her blond hair flowing in the wind. Holding this pose, as I argue in H24H, Phaedra can thus become the very image of Artemis.

      Annotation about Phaedra and Hippolytus Author: David Sanchez CC License: CC BY-NC

      Pausiana and Erupides illustrate Phaedra's unbridled obsession with Hippolytus, clarifying and shaping the narrative based on Hippolytus's divine beliefs and worship. The divine presence is present through the goddesses Aphrodite and Artemis, who represent opposite values. On one hand, we have Aphrodite, known as the goddess of love and beauty, on the other hand, Artemis was the goddess of hunting and chastity. Apollytus believed in and admired Artemis. However, Aphrodite was not to his liking. Something that irritated the goddess Aphrodite's soul, so she decided to awaken Phaedra's unbridled passion for Hippolytus. This unleashed Phaedra's suffering when she saw that she was rejected by Hippolytus, thus highlighting Hippolytus's values and beliefs in chastity. Phaedra's suffering is portrayed in a complex and frustrating way, reinforcing the moral perspectives of ancient Greece and its cultural and religious beliefs.

      References: “More on The Love Story of Phaedra and Hippolytus: Comparing the References in Pausanias and Euripides.” Classical Inquiries, 5 Feb. 2022, classical-inquiries.chs.harvard.edu/more-on-the-love-story-of-phaedra-and-hippolytus-comparing-the-references-in-pausanias-and-euripides/.

    1. Jewish commentaries, both traditional and modern, generally view Joseph as a complex character who was ultimately a righteous person. Though some commentators such as Sforno acknowledge the immaturity of his actions when dealing with his brothers in his youth, still Joseph is largely regarded as an admirable figure for maintaining his Israelite identity in spite of his 20-year separation from his family. Tradition notably refers to Joseph as a tzadik (righteous person), and several commentators point to Joseph’s naming of his sons in Hebrew as a premiere example of his dedication.

      Annotations on the divine virtues of Joseph. Author: David Sanchez CC License: CC BY-NC

      Joseph was always remembered as a virtuous person who possessed great qualities granted by his divine faith in God. Joseph had to forge his character as he grew, both physically and spiritually. Joseph always showed a great ability to face adverse situations, such as having been separated from his family for 20 years, a situation that forced him to mature quickly despite his young age. This great mental strength led him to develop unique instincts and enrich his character. Joseph even went so far as to name his children in Hebrew, as a thank you to God for having intervened in his life. This was a whirlwind that battered his personal and spiritual integrity. Joseph's first son was Manasseh, whose name meant "God has made me forget my difficulties." His second son was Ephraim, which meant "God has made me fruitful." In this way, Joseph showed his gratitude, devotion, and reaffirmed his faith and loyalty to God.

      References

      References: The Holy Bible: New Revised Standard Version. The Book of Génesis

      Roth, Elana. “The Story of Joseph.” My Jewish Learning, 20 June 2023, www.myjewishlearning.com/article/the-story-of-joseph/.

    2. Joseph’s life is a series of highs and lows — literally and figuratively. In his father’s house, Joseph is the favored son: “Israel (another name for Jacob) loved Joseph more than all his sons since he was a child of his old age” (Genesis 37:3). Joseph likely also has this status because he is the eldest child of Jacob’s favorite (deceased) wife, Rachel. To demonstrate this preference, Jacob gifts Joseph with the famous kitonet passim, translated as both a garment with long sleeves, or a fine woolen tunic. (Commentators extrapolate that it had stripes of different colors.) This preferential treatment from their father elicits much jealousy from Joseph’s 10 older brothers.

      Annotation about josey's favoritism towards him by his father. Author: David Sanchez CC License: CC BY-NC Tag: #SP2025-Lit211

      The story of Joseph in the book of Genesis shows us some of the aspects that marked the present and future of his life. The book of Genesis tells us about the favoritism and devotion that his father Jacob always had towards him, being the favorite son of 12 brothers. “Israel (another name for Jacob) loved Joseph more than all his sons since he was a child of his old age” (Genesis 37:3). This favoritism towards Joseph on the part of Jacob was because Joseph was the firstborn of the woman that Jacob had loved the most, who was Rachel. As a sign of his love and affection, Jacob gave him a colorful tonic (ketones passim), which symbolized a gesture of favoritism towards Joseph and aroused the anger and fury of his brothers. These texts show us how favoritism towards certain members of a family is something bad and unnecessary, even for the beneficiary who in this case was Joseph, because this blatant favoritism on the part of Jacob was what somehow caused Joseph to be sold by his brothers to the Ishmaelites, thus causing a very tragic situation for Jacob's family.

      References: The Holy Bible: New Revised Standard Version. Genesis 37:3.

      Roth, Elana. “The Story of Joseph.” My Jewish Learning, 20 June 2023, www.myjewishlearning.com/article/the-story-of-joseph/.

    3. Joseph’s time in Egypt is even more tumultuous than his life in Canaan. The Ishmaelite traders sell him as a slave to Potiphar, a wealthy Egyptian merchant. Joseph finds great fortune with Potiphar, but his promotion through Potiphar’s household attracts the attention of Potiphar’s wife, who repeatedly tries to seduce him. When her attempts fail, she accuses Joseph of rape, which lands him in prison.Though now in the deepest of his life’s trenches, God is still with Joseph (Genesis 39:21). His fellow inmates, Pharaoh’s former butler and his former baker, both dream symbolic dreams, and Joseph’s skills as a dream-interpreter are put to use.

      Annotation about Joseph and his unwavering faith in God. Author: David Sanchez CC License: CC BY-NC

      In the book of Génesis, we can observe Joseph's religious virtues and strenuous faith in God. Joseph's beginnings, it could be said, were filled with many adversities. Joseph went from being Jacob's favorite son to being sold as a slave by his brothers in exchange for a few coins. In this situation, Joseph had to develop survival instincts and cling to his divine faith in God. Due to his great virtues granted by God, Joseph became an important figure in Egypt, only a short time after having been a slave. Joseph became master of the house of Potiphar, the man who had bought him as a slave, but when he realized the divine virtues that God had granted him, he gave him an important position and named him master of his house. This irruption of Joseph caught the attention of Potiphar's wife, who was attracted to Joseph and attempted to seduce him. However, Joseph clung to his values and integrity and rejected her. This led to the woman's fury and her making false accusations, thus causing Joseph's imprisonment. However, despite all this, Joseph continued to display faith and an unbreakable connection with God, "But the Lord was with Joseph" (Genesis 39:21). These verses speak to us of Joseph's faithfulness to God, even in times of tribulation and adversity. This was rewarded with divine intervention on the part of God, which freed him from his most complex situations.

      References: The Holy Bible: New Revised Standard Version. The Book of Génesis

      Roth, Elana. “The Story of Joseph.” My Jewish Learning, 20 June 2023, www.myjewishlearning.com/article/the-story-of-joseph/.

    4. Joseph’s life is a series of highs and lows — literally and figuratively. In his father’s house, Joseph is the favored son: “Israel (another name for Jacob) loved Joseph more than all his sons since he was a child of his old age” (Genesis 37:3). Joseph likely also has this status because he is the eldest child of Jacob’s favorite (deceased) wife, Rachel. To demonstrate this preference, Jacob gifts Joseph with the famous kitonet passim, translated as both a garment with long sleeves, or a fine woolen tunic. (Commentators extrapolate that it had stripes of different colors.) This preferential treatment from their father elicits much jealousy from Joseph’s 10 older brothers.

      Annotation about josey's favoritism towards him by his father. Author: David Sanchez CC License: CC BY-NC Tag: #SP2025-Lit211

      The story of Joseph in the book of Genesis shows us some of the aspects that marked the present and future of his life. The book of Genesis tells us about the favoritism and devotion that his father Jacob always had towards him, being the favorite son of 12 brothers. “Israel (another name for Jacob) loved Joseph more than all his sons since he was a child of his old age” (Genesis 37:3). This favoritism towards Joseph on the part of Jacob was because Joseph was the firstborn of the woman that Jacob had loved the most, who was Rachel. As a sign of his love and affection, Jacob gave him a colorful tonic (ketones passim), which symbolized a gesture of favoritism towards Joseph and aroused the anger and fury of his brothers. These texts show us how favoritism towards certain members of a family is something bad and unnecessary, even for the beneficiary who in this case was Joseph, because this blatant favoritism on the part of Jacob was what somehow caused Joseph to be sold by his brothers to the Ishmaelites, thus causing a very tragic situation for Jacob's family.

      References: The Holy Bible: New Revised Standard Version. Genesis 37:3.

      Roth, Elana. “The Story of Joseph.” My Jewish Learning, 20 June 2023, www.myjewishlearning.com/article/the-story-of-joseph/.