16 Matching Annotations
  1. Sep 2025
    1. The core of Buddhism is the Four Noble Truths: that dukkha (suffering) is the central reality of existence; that suffering is caused by desire and attachment; that attachment can be conquered and desire let go; and that the way to achieve this is called the Noble Eightfold Path.

      As mentioned at the very end of this page, Buddhism does seem like less of a religion. Maybe I'm wrong, but when I hear about Buddhism, Buddha doesn't seem to come across as some all knowing powerful God but more as an idol.

    1. Zoroastrianism named after its prophet Zoroaster (or Zarathustra) is the first monotheistic religion

      I've heard of Zoroastrianism before, but I has no idea that Zoroastrianism was the first monotheistic religion.

    1. Life-size ceramic sculptures depicting the armies of Qin Shi Huang, the first emperor, buried with him in 210–209 BCE

      I've always found photos of this site to be incredible but also creepy. To know that people were tasked to build an entire army of statues and have them be so detailed is astonishing.

    1. City-states (in Greek, polis) controlled the regions surrounding them

      I remember in high school, my history teacher telling the class that saying "ancient Greece" isn't correct because it implies that Greece was united under a single government or ruler. When in fact it was divided into city-states.

    2. Many of the earliest stories recorded during the Bronze Age may have even earlier origins in oral traditions that may go back centuries or even millennia.

      I remember learning in my high school that most stories and epic poems have been lost because they were oral traditions and weren't written down.

    3. Most scholars believed these symbols had ritual or mnemonic purposes such as recording names or tallying goods, without fully representing a spoken language

      As stated in an earlier section of this chapter, it's theorized that symbols like these were mainly used in the beginning as a way to keep track of goods and livestock.

    4. with hieroglyphs reserved for elite training that also included instruction in carving stone. Even so, its use was restricted to priests and scribes

      I always find it strange that reading and writing in the past was reserved for the elite. Why wouldn't a nation want the majority of the population to have this skill?

    5. they may have abandoned and burned their settlements every sixty to eighty years; possibly to prevent disease buildup, soil exhaustion, or inequality.

      I feel it would be a pain to have to burn your villages of 10,000 people in order to avoid other consequences.

    6. The pyramid contains about 2.3 million stone blocks averaging 5,000 pounds each

      That is insane they were able to move all of that with the technology they had. And getting it done in only 12 years is impressive.

    7. Annual floods brought both moisture and rich silt soil to a narrow band along the river's banks

      I've never heard flooding be talked about in a positive light. However, I would imagine it takes a load off of people when you don't have to worry about irrigation.

    8. an image of a cart drawn on a ceramic pot found in Central Europe dates back to about 5,500 years ago

      I'm always so confused on how scientists are able to look at an ancient drawing and identify what it being depicted in the drawing. For example, the drawing on this pot is supposedly a cart. I would have never guessed that.

    9. It is difficult to determine where the wheel and wheeled carts were first developed

      I was told in high school that the wheel was invented in Mesopotamia. I'm not sure if I'm missing something, or if the text is saying that it's difficult to determine where in Mesopotamia.

    1. In the central story of the Gilgamesh epic

      I love hearing about epics that were created long ago like Beowulf. I feel it gives insight to the creativeness, imagination, and entertainment that our ancestors loved.

    1. Indus Valley people developed a multi-cropping system that allowed them to plant wheat and barley in the winter and millet, rice, and legumes in summer

      It's impressive they were able to develop their own system for crops that would allow for food to be grown during all seasons.

    1. even ancient history can be extremely relevant to the identities that inform people’s ideas of religion, ethnicity, and nationality today.

      People are very proud of who they are, where they come from, and who they descend from. Trying to prove or disapprove that will reshape the narrative and origins or a culture will always receive push back.

    1. While bubonic plague is spread by fleas, attacks the lymph nodes, and has about a 50% mortality rate over an illness lasting about two weeks; pneumonic plague is spread by airborne respiratory droplets, attacks the lungs, and has a nearly 100% fatality rate in less than two days

      I always thought the bubonic plague was the scariest of any illnesses. Now I realize that the same bacterium was present in a plague from about 5,000 years that was more deadly.