Turn each sentence into an independent clause by changing the comma to a period
Separating two ideas into two sentences can help prevent a comma splice.
Turn each sentence into an independent clause by changing the comma to a period
Separating two ideas into two sentences can help prevent a comma splice.
Change the comma to a semicolon
Add a semicolon when sentences are closely related.
Add an appropriate coordinating conjunction after the comma
If you add a coordinating conjunction, your sentence will be a proper sentence.
first locate its subject and verb.
Does your sentence have an action and something that is performing that action?
missing vital information
If you have a fragment, your idea will not be communicated clearly.
Fragments
If your sentence doesn't have a subject/verb and a complete thought, it is a fragment.
vivid details
Vivid details are extremely important in a narrative, and you should keep the 5 senses in mind when writing.
major events
Each of those major events can be the main idea of one paragraph.
central conflict
What is the central conflict you are trying to resolve?
major events
What are the major events of the story you want to tell?
keep distinct the differences between objective and subjective description.
Show the reader what you mean instead of just saying it.
what’s important to your overall purpose as well
Keep the purpose of your essay in mind when writing the description.
Planning a Narration with Audience in Mind
If you lack details in a narrative, your audience won't fully understand your purpose.
personal experiences and existing knowledge to the reading process.
Do you have personal experience with what is being said? Do you already have knowledge on the topic? This will help you better understand the text.
engage with a text multiple times
Reading a text multiple times will help you fully understand it and you will be able to summarize it better.
questioning them, responding to them, and expanding them, usually in writing.
Do you have questions? Do you have more you want to expand on?
No text, however well written and authoritative, contains its own, pre-determined meaning.
A body of text can mean many different things and it is your job to find what you think the meaning is.
you need to interact with what you read
What questions do you have for the text? Do you agree with what is being said?
By becoming a more critical and active reader
Becoming a critical reader will not only make your writing easier but it will also make it better.
3. Demonstrate your own point about the text using evidence form the text to support your point
What information in the text supports the point you want to make?
2. Identify and explain the main point or purpose of the text
What is the main point of the text?
1. Show that you have read and understood the source.
The reader should be able to introduce the text to an audience and make a point that is backed up by evidence.
Consider the implications of your thesis or solutions to the issue you have discussed
Why should people care about this topic?
Re-state your thesis in fresh words.
The conclusion should reiterate your thesis statement.
Get your reader interested.
Your introduction should make the reader want to know more about your topic.
Make sure each sentence adds to your point.
Since your introduction is shorter than your body paragraphs, you need to make sure it is to the point and states exactly what you want to say.
consider each paragraph independently
Does your paragraph have examples and evidence? Have you explained those examples and pieces of evidence?
Finally, closely consider your introduction and conclusion.
Have you caught the reader's attention in the introduction? Have you restated your thesis in the conclusion?
consider the organization of your paragraphs
Have you written your paragraphs in an order that makes sense?
Begin with the thesis,
Is your thesis narrow enough and makes a point that can be argued?
Revision
Revision involves extreme critical thinking and involves being critical of what you have just written.
Always imagine that your audience needs help to understand your ideas,
This will make it to where you really explain and go in depth on what you are trying to say.
learn how to write for various audiences.
How can you write for different audiences?
The audience
Knowing your audience greatly affects what you say in your writing, so it is important to know who your audience is.
summarizing and then responding.
This is important for learning to read like a writer. Can you summarize what you have just read? What are your thoughts on the text?
Recording your own reactions, questions, objections
What do you think about the text? Do you agree or disagree with the text?
read every text as if you will be asked to write about it
It is important to get into the mindset of taking notes as you read a body of text to really understand what you are reading.
Wrap up and transition:
The end of the paragraph should be linked back to the thesis and tell the reader why that paragraph matters.
Address the evidence:
This is where your thoughts shine. Did you explain and analyze the evidence?
Evidence:
What is the evidence you have to support your point?
Topic sentence
What is the point of that paragraph?
L is the link
Did you link the paragraph to the next one?
explanation
Did you explain the evidence?
E is the evidence,
Do you have evidence for what you are conveying?
P stands for the point
What do you want to convey in that paragraph?
Confidence.
Being confident in your claim helps the reader have faith in what you are saying.
Ability to be demonstrated.
Can you back up your thesis statement?
Ability to be argued.
Your thesis statement is not a fact. It is a point of view that should be able to be argued.
Specificity.
Your thesis statement should not be broad. It should take a subject and narrow it down.
“What do I want to say about it?”
Asking this is important to form the thesis statement.
You have to form a specific opinion
The thesis statement is not just the topic but the opinion that you want to state about the topic.
essay itself supports that point.
The entire essay will support the thesis statement.
thesis statement
What is your specific focus?
Thesis Statement
A thesis statement is specific.
A specific identified topic lets your reader know what they are getting
The reader wants to know exactly what they are going to read about.
random collection of facts and ideas.
You don't want this. Your essay needs to have a purpose.
Why are you writing? What do you hope to accomplish with your essay?
Very important. You should know what you want to accomplish with your essay.
Process:
What do you think about the topic? Is there a clear voice?
Planning:
What is the audience? Is there a clear beginning, middle, and end?
Purpose:
What is the essay's purpose? What do you want to convey?
it is a safe bet we would find our thinking will have changed significantly.
Our opinion on subjects evolve.
it should reflect what we know or think about a subject at the time we write it
This is a good place to start. What do you already know about the topic? What do you think about it?
The essay is everywhere
You construct essays everywhere, just in a different format.
through the use of sensory details.
Description essays should use sensory details that appeal to your five senses.
subjectively,
Subjective language is our own subjective view. Do we like the way it looks? What about the way it feels?
In an objective description, we focus on the object itself rather than our personal reactions to it.
An objective description is the way that the object objectively is like the dimensions and materials.
Building your vocabulary will make your reading easier, and reading is the best way to build your vocabulary, and vocabulary that you commit to memory will make writing easier and more effective.
Building your vocabulary makes reading easier which then makes your writing easier.
Strategy: Making Inferences
Making inferences to a text will help you make conclusions about what the meaning and purpose of the text is.
Strategy: Outlining
Outlining will help you see the details of the texts and how everything goes together.
Strategy: Summarizing
Summarizing the text and its main points will help you know if you were able to comprehend it.
Scrutinize the author’s conclusions:
Is the authors conclusion backed up?
Evaluate the evidence
Is the evidence accurate?
Strategy: Critical Reading and Asking Critical Questions
Critical reading is extremely important. You should be able to analyze texts and see if you should accept, reject, or think about these ideas further.
Your own ideas, summaries, and connections.
What are your own summaries of the text?
Words or phrases referring to major details that develop the idea stated in each paragraph’s topic sentence.
Highlight main points of the paragraphs
The answers to the questions you formulated from headings or topic sentences.
You want to answer the questions you had at the beginning.
Any words or phrases in distinctive typeface.
Words that are bold are important.
Strategy: Annotating
Annotating is a great strategy for active reading.
actively and critically engage with what the author/text has to say.
Engaging with the text will help you understand the deeper meaning.
Strategy: Ask and Answer Questions
Asking questions at the beginning can help you be an active reader by looking for the answers.
Strategy: Chunking
Chunking the text breaks the reading down and makes it more manageable. This can help you find the main points.
you are skimming a reading selection to get an idea of the author’s subject, main point, overall focus, or purpose.
Previewing helps you get an idea of the main point and purpose of the text.
Move 2: You Say
After you have read the text, you should share your ideas. Summarizing the main idea but also talk about your insights.
Move 1: They Say
When you first read a text, comprehend and learn. This will help you summarize what the writer is trying to say.
First, the thesis of a descriptive paper should adequately present the context of the situation.
What is being described?
what you want your paper to emphasize for your reader
What do you want to emphasize for the reader?
The introduction
The introduction will tell you the tone and focus of the essay.
The thesis should convey the writer’s overall impression of the person, place, or object described in the body paragraphs.
The thesis is going to say what you think about the thing you are describing.
Creating & Building Upon Dominant Impressions
You appeal to the physical senses with the five senses and the emotional senses with feelings.
the dominant impression.
The dominant impression is the mood you create with the reader.
Our goal in writing descriptively
When writing description essays, you want to appeal to the five senses.
“L” = Link:
Lastly, wrap up your ideas in your paragraph.
“E” = Explanation:
Third, explain how the evidence supports your claim.
“E” = Evidence:
Second, back up your claim with evidence.
“P” = Point:
First, make your point which should relate to the topic sentence which then relates to the thesis statement.
Personal Observation
Talking about your personal experience can make the writer feel you know what you are talking about.
Testimony
Testimonys can add great credibility because these are people who have direct experience with the topic.
Statistics
Statistics, in my opinion, are one of the best ways to back up your essay points. They make it much more believable, but it is important to use reliable sources.
Quotations
Quotations from people who know a lot about your subject can make your point more credible.
Using Evidence
Evidence is extremely important. It makes your point more credible and makes you look like you know what you are talking about.
Using Examples
Using examples helps the reader link your thesis to specific moments.
supporting points
Each topic sentence must be backed up with supporting points. Using examples and evidence makes your essay stronger.
Developing Topic Sentences That Support Your Thesis
Each body paragraph has a topic sentence that adds to your thesis statement making it stronger.
question
Asking a question makes the reader want to reflect on the topic after reading your essay.
prediction
Making a prediction gets the reader thinking about the future.
consequences
Showing the effects of what is being said in your essay can make the reader better understand the impact.
Developing Your Conclusion
The conclusion should be written under the assumption that the reader thinks your thesis is true and tell them what should happen next.
Conclusions
A conclusion should rephrase your thesis and conclude with general thoughts that bring the reader out of the essay.
Ask a question that gets readers curious about the answer.
If you start your essay with a question, it immediately peaks the readers interest and makes them want to find the answer in your essay.
anecdote or story
Telling a story in your introduction helps the reader connect on a personal level and it might make it mean something more to them.
little-known fact or statistic
Sharing something interesting or shocking at the beginning of your introduction makes people more interested in what you have to say. It also gives you credibility out the gate.
The first paragraph of an essay is called the Introduction.
The Introduction is where you state your thesis and main point.
Introductions
Introductions are important to catch the reader's attention and make them want to read your essay.
A question is used instead of a thesis.
A thesis statement is never a question because the point you are trying to make is not clear.
A thesis is weak when the statement is too broad.
If the statement is too broad, it is going to be very generic and uninteresting.
A thesis is weak when it contains an obvious fact or something that no one can disagree with or provides a dead end.
Obvious fact doesn't allow for you to expand.
A thesis is weak when it makes an unreasonable or outrageous claim or insults the opposing side.
Your thesis should be reasonable and able to be backed up.
A thesis is weak when it simply “announces” your subject or a description of what you will discuss in your essay.
Announcing your subject makes it not as clear.
It must be specific:
If your thesis statement is not specific enough, it makes it difficult to have a meaningful conversation about it.
It must be arguable:
A thesis statement cannot be a fact. It has to state a point of view that someone could disagree with.
It must be supportable:
You must be able to back up your thesis statement. If not, you need a new thesis.
The Thesis Statement
The thesis statement is the topic and the main point of the ENTIRE essay.
Repetition of ideas:
This keeps unity within the paragraph and adds to your topic sentence.
Transitional words and phrases:
These are extremely important for helping the essay flow and connect.
A clear organizational pattern:
Are you using the right type of organizational pattern for your essay?
Giving readers a paragraph break on each page helps them maintain focus.
Having paragraphs that are not too short and not too long can help keep the reader engaged with what you are saying.
the writer must provide enough supporting details within paragraphs to develop the topic sentence and simultaneously carry forward the essay’s main idea.
Do you have enough details to drive your topic sentence and main idea home?
Conclusion.
How can you summarize the paragraph's main point?
Body.
What are the details you can use to support your main point?
Topic sentence.
What is the main idea and the writer's point?
A paragraph contains three main parts:
Paragraph has three main parts: topic sentence, body, and conclusion.
Look for the correct structure of your sentences.
Do you have subjects, verbs, and a complete thought? Are you using simple,compound,and complex sentences?
Read the essay out loud.
Reading your essay out loud is going to help you see if things are not worded well.
When you edit, you take a second look at how you expressed your ideas.
Editing is for improving your writing style. Is your essay polished? Do you have correct grammar, punctuation, and sentence structure?
Look more closely at areas that you know you struggle with
If you know you struggle with certain things, check those places for errors first.
Look at the order of your points
Are your paragraphs in a logical order?
Look for places where you explained the same thing
You don't need to say the exact same thing multiple times. Are there new things you can add to the idea?
Look for places where you were too wordy.
This is a very common problem. Shortening a sentence can make it more impactful.
Look for places where ideas need more explanation.
Have you fully explained your ideas? Would someone unfamiliar with the topic understand?
Look for ideas that don’t fit in a paragraph
Do your ideas connect? If not, maybe that idea can be a separate paragraph.
Read the essay out loud.
Sometimes words make sense in your head but not when said out loud.
Keep your audience and purpose in mind as you write.
Who is your audience? Are you able to connect with them with what you are writing?
Be reasonable with your goals.
Goals are the key to success. Set goals to improve your essays and writing assignments.
Take short breaks to refresh your mind.
Take breaks and let your mind rest but don't take too long of breaks because it might be harder for you to start up again.
Write one paragraph at a time and then stop.
Take it one step at a time.
This is the “zero draft,” the beginning and it does not need to be perfect.
A draft does not need to be perfect. It will be improved later and not getting started makes things harder.
Evaluate: Review your organizational plan, your blueprint for your paper.
Is your outline fully fleshed out? Does it make sense?
Create sub-points for each major point:
Each main point will have sub-points that are the details of the main point and expand on what you want to say.
Determine your main points:
What are the main points you want your essay to say?
working thesis
This is the first step of the outline. What is your topic and main point?
Myth #1: Skipping the outlining step saves time.
Skipping an outline actually adds time because your thoughts are not organized so you are organizing and composing at the same time.
The remaining parts of this section cover effective prewriting techniques that you can use to help yourself get started.
Free writing, listing, asking questions, and mind mapping are great prewriting techniques.
Prewriting can help you decide what you want to say about your topic.
Prewriting gives you techniques to help formulate ideas in your mind for your topic.
Prewriting can help you remember or discover what you already know about a topic.
What do you already know about the topic? This is a good place to start.
Prewriting can help you narrow a topic or find some interesting aspect of it.
Prewriting helps you narrow down your topic. What do you find interesting about it?
Prewriting can help you find a topic to write about.
What do you want to write about?
Prewriting can help you overcome procrastination.
Prewriting helps you get started on your ideas.
You can use certain techniques to help yourself get started and to begin coaxing those ideas out from where they are hiding. These techniques are known as prewriting
Prewriting can help you with "writer's block" and help you get started.
Step 5: Editing.
Lastly, look for errors in your grammar and punctuation.
Step 4: Revising.
Evaluate where content like your argument and evidence can be improved.
Step 3: Drafting/Writing.
Use the outline to write an essay that includes an introduction, body, and conclusion.
Step 2: Organizing and Outlining.
Organize your thoughts into something that makes sense.
Step 1: Prewriting.
Prewriting if for figuring out what you want to write about
Give yourself a reward for completing a task.
A reward can motivate you to complete the task.
Schedule time to work on your assignments.
This makes you more committed to do the task that needs to be done.
Break the work down into smaller pieces.
This makes it less overwhelming and is very useful.
Don't let negative self-talk take over.
The quicker you get started, the earlier you can get help if you have questions.
Don’t let expectations of perfection stop you from starting.
This is something I struggle with. I want everything to be perfect the first time around instead of realizing writing is a process.
Don’t let fear of failure stop you from starting.
If you don't write anything, the outcome is going to be much worse.
Writing does not have to be like walking in the fog. When equipped with a precise set of guidelines and an understanding of the writing process, anyone can learn to write well. No matter how much you have struggled with writing in the past, you can learn to become a successful writer, both in and out of college, by grasping a few fundamentals.
Everyone can be good at writing if you just learn the fundamentals.