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fference in activities from low to high concentrations of venom? What might t

he venom, however, did not consistentlyincrease the amplitude of e.p.ps: this is reflected inthe large SEM seen inFig. 3d

ose a figure from this page and explain what this graph is telling us. You can list a few observations or describe it by writing you

Differences between groups or treatmentswere compared using Student’st-test, withpo0.05indicating significance.

Its sting cancause various effects ranging from local pain,inflammation and necrosis to muscle paralysis, andit can be deadly for children.

your own words, what is the biological question that

In order tounderstand better the mechanism of action of this venom on skeletal muscle function

nimal reachesexhaustion, all glycogen and glucose avail-able has been used up, thus both groups ofanimals show similar values under suchconditions.

plain what the graph in Fig 3 is telling us. You can list a few observations or describe it by writing your o

ain what the graph in Fig 1 istelling us. You can list a few observations or describe it by writingyour own figure capti

the rats were subjectedfor a short training period (10 min/day)

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Temperature and Neuromuscular Performance 29 that the primary site of action of cooling is the muscle fiber itself. Cooling was also reported to decrease presynaptic acetylcholine (ACh) release at the neuromuscular (n.m.) junction (Fatt and Katz, 1952; Liley, 1956; Boyd and Martin, 1956) and increase the sensitivity of the postjunctional membrane to depolarization by ACh and succinyl- choline (SCh) (Harris and Leach, 1968). The purpose of the present study was: a) To compare the effects of cooling on the direct and indirect Pt and Po in the same in vitro mammalian preparation; and b) to determine the effect of cooling not only on Pt and Po, but also on presynaptic ACh release and muscle- cholinesterase (ChE) activity and thereby obtain some information on the relative significance of temperature changes on the pre- and post- synaptic components of neuromuscular function. Methods Isolated Hemidiaphragm Preparation of the Rat Isolated phrenic nerve-hemidiaphragm preparations (B~lbring, 1946) of male Sprague-Dawley rats of 250 to 300 g body weight were used. This preparation was selected because its contractility and resting potential remain stable for several hours (Liillmann, 1958). Animals were stunned by a blow on the head and decapitated. The hemidiaphragms were dissected and mounted in organ baths in 70 ml mammalian Krebs' solution (NaC1 113.0; KC1 4.7; CaCI~ 2.5; KH.2PO4 1.2; MgSO4 0.6; NaHCOa 25.0 and glucose 11.5 mM). The Krebs' solution was equilibrated with 5 ~ CO.2-- 95 % 0.2 gas mixture. The resting tension of the hemidiaphragms was adjusted to 10 g. The temperature of the organ bath was kept at the desired level with a thermostatically controlled water bath. To facilitate cooling or heating, crushed ice or hot water were added to the water bath. Supramaximal, square wave stimuli (Grass $9 stimulator) of 0.2 msec and 2.0 msec duration were used for indirect and direct stimulation, respec- tively. The stimulation rate, except when stated otherwise was 0.1 Hz. Iso- metric Pt and Po were recorded with Grass FT03 force displacement trans- ducers on a Grass Model 50 polygraph. The paper speed, except when stated otherwise, was 5 mm-min -1. To eliminate the "indirect" component or direct stimulation (Foldes, Brodman, Kranzler, Underwood, and Hems- worth, 1969) complete block of n.m. transmission was produced by the addition of 2 #g. ml-~ d-tubocurarine chloride (d-Tc) to the organ bath before measurement of the control Pt. In the tetanus experiments, stimuli of 50 Hz were applied for 10 sec. The time interval between successive tetani was at least 20 rain. In addition to the measurement of the Pt and Po the twitch duration and the time to peak tension were also recorded. The paper speed during these latter measurements was 100 mm 9 sec "~. In your own words, what is the biologicalquestion that the researchers a

With indirect stimula- tion tetanus was maintained in all experiments at 37 ~ and 27 ~ and in none at 17 ~

before the addition of the substrates to remove as much as possible of the solubilized ChE.

The Po/Pt ratio did not change significantly between 37 ~ and 27 ~ but dropped sharply between 27 ~ and 17 ~

Furthermore, when there was noenzyme addition at the startup of the fermentationprocess, the combined effect of both microorganisms re-sulted in a slight increase in ethanol production of about7%, compared to the fermentation only withS. cerevi-siae.

n cultures where the ethanolwas partially removed it is obvious that this removalallowed the total ethanol production to exceed the 3%barrier. These results, suggest that as the ethanol con-centration diminishes sufficiently, any metabolic inhibi-tory effects are reversed

However, other studies explainedsimilar observations by the cumulative toxic action ofethanol together with other toxic by-products of fermen-