coercive (describes actions or practices that use force) measures—often economic, diplomatic, or legal—imposed by countries, international bodies.

the act of supplying or making something available.

to cause something to happen suddenly, unexpectedly, or prematurely.

the ability of a treatment, intervention, or method to produce a desired result or intended effect under ideal, highly controlled scientific testing conditions

a formal declaration authorizing the publication of a book.

the presence of something in only small or insufficient amounts.

a political or organizational system where smaller, partially self-governing states, provinces, or groups unite under a central authority.

a societal framework where diverse groups maintain their unique identities while coexisting and participating equally within a shared political and social system.

the highest point, peak, or tip of something

a geographic area of land where all flowing surface water and precipitation drains downhill into a single body of water,

Outpatient medical services provided without an overnight hospital stay

a third party who acts as a go-between.

the action of establishing a count or making a detailed, ordered list of items.

lacking physical strength, vigor, or effectiveness.

three major forms of managed care: Purpose is to control cost.

fee-for-service practice with utilization review- whether private insurance company or government agency) assumes the power to authorize or deny payment for expensive medical interventions (hospital admissions, extra hospital days, and surgeries).

preferred provider organizations (PPOs)- insurers contract with a limited number of physicians and hospitals who agree to care for patients, usually on a discounted fee-for-service or, for hospitals, a per diem basis, with utilization review (the insurer authorizing or denying payment for services deemed unnecessary).

health maintenance organizations (HMOs)- are required (except in emergencies) to receive their care from physicians and hospitals within that HMO. -Some HMOs pay physicians and hospitals by more highly bundled units of payment.

includes global budget payment of hospitals and salaried payment of physicians. -Global budget payment: a predetermined annual revenue cap to cover all patient services.

One payment is made for each patient’s care during a month or year.

paid for all services delivered to a patient during 1 day in hospital.

paid one sum for all services delivered during one illness or surgical procedure.

The physician or hospital is paid a fee for each office visit, ECG, intravenous fluid, or other service or supply provided.

to collect, combine, or gather separate and distinct elements into a single unified whole, mass, or total.

a patient classification system that categorizes inpatient hospital stays into groups based on diagnoses, procedures, age, and complications

replaces traditional fee-for-service payments with a predetermined annual revenue cap to cover all patient services.

the payment of a fee or grant to a doctor

each day

the act of spending money or incurring a liability to acquire goods, services, or assets

two quantities scale or change in a similar, consistent pattern, without an exact or perfect mathematical relationship.

a statistical value that divides a ranked dataset into five equal groups, with each group representing 20% of the total population.

an entity—such as a person, broker, or agency—that acts as a middleman or mediator to facilitate communication, negotiations, or transactions between two or more parties

"coming" or "arrival"

fundamentally, basically, or by its very nature

the lack of equivalence, balance, or proportion between two sides, halves, or parts

Racism still exists though.

temporary, passing, or staying only for a short time

a feeling of annoyance, embarrassment, or disappointment caused by a failure, mistake, or unexpected outcome