the best way to move forward in addressing increasing graffiti inPortland is to invest more city resources into a proactive removal model,combined with more rigorous outreach and communications strategies
I do not agree with this statement. However, it makes a good case for the feasibility of a graffiti removal business.
These murals were placedon walls with ongoing graffiti problems to deter tagging. Because the murals were being
More of this, please.
average cost per incident for professional graffiti removal is $225. Asgraffiti increases, these cost burdens fall more heavily onto small businesses
Use as argument for investment potential.
Graffiti reports to the program have increased significantly over the past six years.
And has continued from 2016 to present.
most prolific taggers,those resources were cut in 2015.
i think this would be a better way to deal w the graffiti problem in Portland. Stop it at the source. Instead, the city chooses to punish property owners.
victim
Of vandalism or city code? Either way, good news for a graffiti removal business.
onefree or discounted graffiti removal per fiscal year
Is this a joke? 1/year? Thank you?
free and reduced cost removal services to residentthrough agreements held with two private contractors
Taxpayer dollars paying for contracted graffiti removal services. Only two? Let's make it 3.
that observed on the other two days.
Results broken down by the numbers in the tables on the following page. Use for final project!
AES entered laboratory results into three spreadsheet tables,
Results and conclusions broken down by machine and blasting medium. Notice the glass bead blasting media produced the least favorable results.
As air samples were collected and sampling data recorded, sealed samples were placed in a plastic bag.
Sample handling to ensure results were not distorted between sample collection and measurement.
At the completion of each test run, Graco employees opened the overhead doors on bo
This paragraph explains the measures taken to ensure that the previous test did not influence the following test.
The blast nozzle for the selected abrasive blasting machine was clamped into a vice and aimed at a 30 degree
Very detailed description of the test procedures.
AES used high flow electric air sampling pumps to collect samples of airborne particulates.
The following is a detailed explanation of how the testing equipment was set up for the experiment.
Two abrasive blasting machines were use
The following is an detailed description of machine setup for testing.
In the case of garnet and coal slag blasting media, reductions in weightof total airborne particulates generated were 91% and 92%, respectively, compared to the competitor’s machine.
Summary of results and/or conclusion.
andomly ordered runs using all possible combination of the two abrasive blastingmachines, three different blasting media (garnet, glass bead and coal slag) and one blasting target (a steel plate)
Brief explanation of testing procedures.
Graco, Inc. retained AES’ services to conduct an air monitoring study
Third party, AES, conducts this study to remove bias and achieve credible results.
Graffiti Abatement Consent Forms.
Giving consent to the city to enter and abate graffiti at the city's will? No thanks.
Procedure for Issuance of a Graffiti Abatement Warrant
The following language is the major difference in this emergency ordinance. The issuance of these warrants is meant to motivate property owners to handle graffiti abatement rather than have the city do it.
reasonable belief that a graffiti violation exists,
This wording makes it sound like the property owner is at fault for their property being vandalized.
If the graffiti is not removed and abated, or cause shown, asspecified above, the Manager may cause the graffiti to beremoved and abated upon issuance of an Administrative Searchwarrant.
The following states how the City of Portland make graffiti be removed, at the cost of the property owner with additional fees, if an Administrative Search Warrant has been issued by a Circuit Court judge. Again, seems like overreach.
Removal of Graffiti
Section D contains all of the specifics about notification and removal of graffiti. Theres some weird, forceful wording in hear like "attempt to secure entry by any legal means."
Code Hearings Officer shall specify when andunder what conditions the graffiti shall be abated.
So, the property owner has bought themselves 30 business days to eventually be told by the Hearings Officer when and under what conditions the graffiti shall be abated. Again, overreach.
may appeal the notice from the Manager to the Code Hearings
Code of Hearings Officer is the change from the previous ordinance. The Hearings Officer is similar to a judge who will issue warrants for graffiti abatement if necessary. Seems like a bit much to me.
f graffiti is not removed or written permission is not given to the Cityto remove the graffiti, t
The property owner can do it themselves or allow the city to do it. I wouldn't trust the city to basically spend my money for me, so I would attempt to do it myself when able.
The owner or occupant shall have ten (10) daysafter the date of service of the notice in which to remove the graffiti
Or appeal, see section C below. Again, incredibly short amount of time to get something like this done. What if you had 100 feet of 15 foot high wall that had to be painted?
shall remove any graffiti from such property within ten (10) days of the graffiti’sappearance.
This is no change from the previous ordinance. This seems like a ridiculously short amount of time to give a property owner to remove of have removed.
Acombinedapproachbasedonlaserablationfollowedbychem-icalcleaningwasinvestigatedandcomparedtostandalonelaserandchemicalmethodsfortheremovalofspraypaintsfrommar-ble.Theresponsetothetreatmentwasevaluatedonsoundmarblepaintedwithfreshandagedcoloursaswellasonpaintedagedmar-ble.Theresultsconvergeinindicatingthecombine
Conclusion: combined method of cleaning proved more efficient than standalone approaches.
Visualobservationofthesurfaces(Fig.7)revealedefficientcleaningofsoundmarblewithfreshpaints,wherenegligibleremainswerefoundforallthecolours,withexceptionofK-paintedsoundmarblecleanedwithAS4whereastrikewasleft.Instead,onagedmarblewherethepainthadpenetratedinsidetherockthroughthefissuresystem,laserablationthinnedthepaintlayerleavingshadowsunderneaththesurface,whichwerepartiallyextractedbythechemicalcleaninginthesecondstep.
Combination Laser and Chemical treatment efficacy explained.
hemicalcleaningleftpaintremainsonallthesurfaces,withbothoftheproducts,asclearlyvisiblewithOM(Fig.6).Agedmar-bleandmarblewithagedpaintsexhibitedparticularlyevidentshadowsandremnants.FTIRconfirmedthepermanenceofbinder,detectedinalmostallthecasesasaveryweakCOstretchingbandat1727cm−1.Thisbandwasslightlymoreevident
Chemical cleaning efficacy explained with photos following.
heobservationofmarbletreatedwithlaserat532nmwave-lengthrevealeddifferentcleaningeffectivenessdependingonthecolourandsubstrate(sound/aged/agedpaint),butnosubsta
Laser cleaning efficacy explained in great detail in the following text.
MineralphasesidentifiedbyXRDwererutileintheB,GandYpaintandgoethite(FeO(OH))intheGpaint.Rutileisusuallyaddedtopaintsasextenderandopacifier,whilegoethitemaybeusedasapigment[43].NocrystallinephasewasdetectedintheKpaint.XRFfurthercontributedtothecharacterization,detectingcopperinallthepaints,butinamountssignificantlyhigherinBandG,sug-gestingthepresenceofCu-phtalocyanineasacolorant.Titaniumwasconfirmedinallthecolourswererutilehadbeenfound,but
Beginning of results broken down into detail per each sample tested with photographic evidence included.
ChromaticchangesweremonitoredaccordingtotheproceduredescribedinEuropeanStandardEN15886[42]usingtheCIELAB1976method,withthestandardilluminantD65andobserver10◦.ThecolourcoordinatesL*,a*,andb*wererecordedforoneareaoneachcoupon(Ø8mm),beforepaintingandaftercleaningusingaKONICA-MINOLTACM2600dspectrophotometerandSCEdatawerecollected.ColourchangeswerecalculatedandreportedasE,whereE=[(L*)2+(a*)2+(b*)2]½.TheL*=L*−L0*valuedescribesachangeinbrightnessatanygivenstageofcleaning;hence,negativevaluesofL*correspondtocleanedareaswhichreflectlesslightthanthereferenceunpaintedsurface(indexed0).Theotherdifferencesa*=a*−a0*andb*=b*−b0*behavelikewise:positive(negative)valuesofa*andb*indicatethatthecleanedareasaremorered(green)andyellow(blue),respec-tively,thanthereferencesurface.Fivemeasurementsweretakenbyrepositioningtheinstrumentonthesamespoteachtime,andthenaveraged,toimprovedataaccuracy.
This all makes sense to someone out there. Not me. From what I can gather, this is an explanation of how the researchers quantitatively gather and describe their results.
Observationofthecleanedsurfaceswithopticalmicroscopy(OM)providedaninitialqualitativeevaluationofcleaningefficacy.Marblesurfacesandthepresenceofcolourresidueswereinvesti-gatedwithasteromicroscopeStemi2000cZeissequippedwithacameraACT1andasoftwareforimageelaboration.Cross
Explanation of cleaning evaluation, as mentioned in Article Lab 2.
Thecleaningprocedurewasfirsttestedseparatelybylaser(Sec-tion2.4.1)andchemical(Section2.4.2)methods.Then,acombinedapproachconsistingofthesuperficialremovalofthepaintbylaserandsubsequentchemicalcleaningwasappliedaswell(Section2.4.3)Table1summarizestheperformedtestsandabbreviationsthatwillbeusedthroughoutthetext.
Beginning of cleaning method description. The following information is very detailed account of equipment and settings used.
Inordertoeffectivelyreproducethedegreeofintergranulardecohesionthatcanbefoundinancientmarble,threesampleswerefirstsubjectedtothermalshocks,toincreasemarbleporosity.Indeed,itiswell-knownthattemperaturechangesplayanimpor-tantroleinmarblealteration.
Method of prep for "aged" marble.
ineCarraramarblesamples(13×10×1.4cm3)werepolishedwith180-gritsandpaper,washedwithdeionizedwaterandair-driedforoneweek
Beginning of sample prep method.
Weselectedfivepopularcoloursofonebrandwidelyusedbygraffitists,MontanaColours94[30].Thecolourswereidenti-fiedbytheirRALcodes[31]asLemonyellow(RV-1016,thereaftercalledY),Eragreen(RV-127,G),MadridRed(RV-241,R),Baby-lonBlue(RV-243,B),MattBlack(R-9011,K).Thepaintsweresprayedonglassslidesandscrapedoffafterdrying.Unagedandagedpaints(seeSection2.3)werecharacterizedusingamulti-analyticalapproach.
Beginning of testing method explanation. Colors and brand of spray paint.
Graffiti
List of key words.
As more contemporary firms seek to transform their value chain activities and business strategies through the assimilation of Web technologies, there is a desire to understand what factors are likely to promote heightened levels of technology assimilation. Drawing upon the institutional theory perspectives, this research examines the significance of senior management advocacy, strategic investment rationale, and extent of coordination in promoting greater assimilation. As one of the earliest studies to examine the factors contributing to the assimilation of Web technologies, this study serves to provide timely knowledge to researchers and practitioners interested in learning how firms can facilitate more effective transformations to the Web-enabled business environments. We hope that our theoretical perspective and findings will stimulate and encourage more research into this important phenomenon.
Conclusion: It is difficult but necessary for businesses to assimilate to web tech for eventual benefit, regardless of what it takes.
When top management actively participates in shaping the vision and strategies for the use of the web technologies, their actions serve as powerful signals to the rest of the managerial community. Together, these beliefs and participation actions shape the institutional structures of signification and legitimization influence the structuring actions of individual managers, groups, and departments.
Top down strategy for upper level execs to influence individual managers, groups, and depts to shape perception of adopting new systems.
We adopted a field survey methodology for our study. The unit of analysis is the firm with the assimilation of Web into e-commerce strategies and activities being the phenomenon of inquiry. The sampling frame comprises all the corporate Web sites listed in the Hoover Inc.'s On-Line Directory of Corporate Web Sites (www.hoovers.com). This particular database was selected because it provided links to over 2,000 corporate Web sites across 50 or more
Everything between Research Design and Discussion relates to how data was collected and legitimizing the researcher's statistical methods.
Another metastructuring action is the articulation of a strategic investment rationale for Web initiatives. Strategic investment rationale is defined as value propositions that will guide the identification of promising organizational opportunities and justification of resource commitments toward the implementation of those projects. The strategic investment rationale provides an institutional perspective on how Web-oriented projects should be justified, funded, and legitimized.
Another way to create buy in amongst managers, departments, and groups below the executive level.
Web assimilation is the extent of organizational use of web technologies in facilitating e-commerce strategies and activities. Our definition focuses on the relative success of firms (as compared to other firms in the industry) in incorporating the Web technology into its e-commerce strategies and activities. This definition is consistent with perspectives on Type III IS innovations, with earlier treatments of IT assimilation at the organizational level (Armstrong and Sambamurthy 1999), and reflects our interest in understanding firms as innovation systems for attaining differential levels of technology assimilation success (Fichman 2001). We regard the level of assimilation to be one of the visible outcomes of the stream of structuring actions across the firm. Further, we anticipate the differential level of assimilation success across firms to be linked to the nature of the institutional enablers or the metastructuring actions within those firms.
Definition and further explanation of the mean of Web Asssimilation.
nology assimilation suggest that most information technologies exhibit an "assimilation gap"--i.e., their rates of organizational assimilation and use lag far behind their rates of organizational adoption (Fichman and Kemerer 1999). Therefore, lessons learned about the assimilation of prior information technologies, such as CASE, object-oriented development, and relational databases, could be extended toward understanding how firms promote the assimilation of Web technologies. However, the assimilation of Web technologies is more challenging in contrast with other information technologies because of differences in the dynamics of their organizational assimilation
Explanation on why assimilation is difficult but necessary.
Further, the effective assimilation of Web technologies requires their integration into existing organizational work processes and this might necessitate changes to current technologies and work processes (Chatterjee and Segars 2001; Keen and McDonald 2000).
Another advantage with the explanation that changes to tech and work process may be difficult. Chatterjee cites another previous work, could be worth looking into for further project research.
However, not all firms have been uniformly successful in assimilating Web technologies for shaping their e-commerce initiatives (Brews 2000; Haley et al. 1996). Web technologies are complex and offer a variety of functionalities ranging from the static presentation of content to the dynamic capture of transactions with provisions for security and personalization (Chatterjee and Sambamurthy 1999; Cronin 1996)
Another necessary evil or disadvantage of assimilating web tech. Notice one of the authors of this study, Chatterjee, cited one of their previous works.
The global reach of the Web technological platform, along with the range of services that it supports, makes it a powerful business resource. However, realization of operational and strategic benefits is contingent on effective assimilation of this type III IS innovation.
First line of the abstract explains web tech "powerful business resource" as an implied advantage. "Realization of operational strategic benefits" is an implied disadvantage.
Further, the effective assimilation of Web technologies requires their integration into existing organizational work processes and this might necessitate changes to current technologies and work processes (Chatterjee and Segars 2001; Keen and McDonald 2000).
The difficult, yet necessary, step towards incorporating modern tech. into business.
However, not all firms have been uniformly successful in assimilating Web technologies for shaping their e-commerce initiatives (Brews 2000; Haley et al. 1996). Web technologies are complex and offer a variety of functionalities ranging from the static presentation of content to the dynamic capture of transactions with provisions for security and personalization (Chatterjee and Sambamurthy 1999; Cronin 1996).
This is why I chose my topic, advantages/disadvantages of small/large businesses moving from typical big data use to relational databases for e-commerce and other business motives.
E-commerce, or the application of Web technologies for understanding customer needs, marketing products, services, and product-market solutions, and taking customer orders, has emerged as a significant imperative in contemporary firms. As exemplars of success, firms such as Cisco, Charles Schwab, General Electric, USAA, and Cemex have sensitized incumbent firms to the strategic value and the competitive necessity of assimilating Web technologies in their salient business strategies and value chain activities.
These are the many ways relational databases and other information systems are utilized in business.
We adopted a field survey methodology for our study. The unit of analysis is the firm with the assimilation of Web into e-commerce strategies and activities being the phenomenon of inquiry. The sampling frame comprises all the corporate Web sites listed in the Hoover Inc.'s On-Line Directory of Corporate Web Sites (www.hoovers.com). This particular database was selected because it provided links to over 2,000 corporate Web sites across 50 or more industries and because it has clearly defined selection criteria --all U.S. public companies and all U.S. private companies with sales over $500 million--for listing the company Web sites. Firms in both the manufacturing and the services sectors were represented in our sample. From this database, we excluded companies that are in the business of developing information technologies: manufacturers of computer hardware, computer software, and telecommunications equipment. This was done since the purpose of the study is to understand and to explain the variance in web assimilation among organizations that are primarily IT users and not providers. As a net result, about 525 companies formed the sampling frame for the study.
In-depth description of survey methodology and source of data and why specific sources were chosen.