urban planners have the potential to seek bold and innovative pathways towards plans and policies that can protect communities from exacer- bated contamination while contributing to the fight against climate catastrophe

peoples with the longest-living knowledge of Earth’s natural ecological systems

In an extractive-based economy, the nature of work is exploitative, whereas in a regenerative economy, work is viewed as more cooperative in nature and focuses on establish- ing a deep democracy rooted in equity.

The principles included a commitment to building alternative structures, bottom-up decision making, allowing people to speak for themselves, working together in solidarity and mutuality, building just rela- tionships, and a commitment to self-transformation

f toxic economic activity (e.g., mining, military, and dumps)

make the victims whole

the SDGs appear to endorse the migration management approach discussed and critiqued in Part II of this article

accountable

Target 13.3 (education and capacity-building), countries should take into account the language and cultural practices of climate migrants (both internally displaced persons and those who cross national borders).

prevent climate- induced displacement.

There is a long history of planned relocations in the Global South to accommodate large-scale infrastructure projects, such a dams, highways, and mine

planned relocation

If these migrants are unskilled or undocumented, there is a risk that they will be subjected to unsafe and exploitative working conditions

migration becomes an opportunity to improve lives and promote “climate-smart” development as long as it is carefully managed by states and institutions of global governance

absolves the North of its obligation

the national security approach may serve to justify human rights abuse

military response

Unless states address the major gap between the emissions reductions pledged and what is required to avert catastrophic climate change, the world will experience one of the greatest waves of migration and displacement in modern history.

New York

interpretation of CBDR

China is currently the world’s top carbon dioxide emitter

human rights

the Global North is responsible for the vast majority of historic greenhouse gas emissions

disproportionate impact of climate change on African Americans

condemnation

no more than 2°C in excess of pre-industrial levels. 3

Global South

The late- nineteenth-century boosters lauded the virtues of wild nature to market L.A. as a sort of noncity city.

And it’s a thunderously consequential place to do something about the troubles

Nature writers have documented how cities mine the hinterlands ruthlessly for raw natural resources. But they’ve declined to tell us almost anything about how the largest urban regions, and especially the poorer areas within them, disproportionately shoulder the burden of transforming nature to create all our lovely wondrous stuff.

e affluent Angelenos want the cheapest labor but no social services for the illegal immigrants who do it; and want the economic as well as cultural benefits of an ethnically and racially diverse city, but don’t want the diversity in their own neighborhoods;

You could say—to borrow a coinage from the anthropologist Claude Lévi-Strauss—that Americans have used L.A. to think.

L.A. has long symbolized all other cities as places where nature is not.

Blade Runner

The concrete channel turned the basin’s most logical site for green space, and the city’s major natural connector, into an outsize open sewer that carved a no-man’s-land through many of the city’s most fragmented and park-starved areas.

acts that are as sacred as hiking to the top of Point Mugu in the northern Santa Monica Mountains and gazing out over the Pacific Ocean to watch the dolphins leap, the ducks float, and the sun set.

Mapleton Drive showcases the denial intrinsic to the great American nature story. To say there’s no nature in cities is a convenient way of seeing if I like being a nature lover and environmentalist but don’t want to give up any of my stuff. We cherish nature as an idea of wildness while losing track of the real nature in our very houses. We flee to wild nature as a haven from high-tech industrial urban life, but refuse to see that we madly use and transform wild nature to sustain the exact life from which we seek retreat. We make sacred our encounters with wild nature but thereby desacralize all other encounters. Or in other words, if we cannot clearly understand cities and our lives within them unless we keep track of our connections to nature, still there may be some basic things we prefer not to see and understand

Wildness. Not-us-ness. The anti-modern. A place apart. Salvation. Refuge.

An “evil Chihuahua” moral demands that we leave the nature we live in as it is (in which case we’ll die), but a “terrorist coyote” moral urges us to eradicate nature (in which case we’ll die).

Nature is never passive.

And the genre describes nature as a unitary force or kind of place that Man encounters, and where we’ll find universal meanings—but seldom something you encounter from a specific social position and point of view.

hey ask, importantly, who benefits most and who suffers the worst consequences as who uses and transforms nature.

The air in L.A., if polluted, is not equally polluted everywhere.

none of these trademark qualities plays well in 2006

Blade Runner se