14 Matching Annotations
  1. Feb 2022
  2. psychclassics.yorku.ca psychclassics.yorku.ca
    Classics in the History of Psychology -- Skinner (1935)
    14
    1. Iamlee 04 Feb 2022
      Footnotes

      What I got from this article a sequence was used [S1-R1] = 0. [2]occurs as a change in [So-Ro] can be an increase (positive condition) (a) and also a decrease (negative condition) (b). [p.67] Type l and type ll reflexes correlates with pseudo type.Under different circumstance food and saliva was used as scientific examples to further explain the relationship and reaction between the two types of conditions. Type ll should be formulated as pseudo reflex condition. The condition itself is in question due to it being unsatisfactory but still has to be pursued.pseudo type is undetermined the data is hard to get rid of an is seen as false but is very similar to type ll. Both types plays different roles inside the economy of structure. These reflex conditions relate to Skinner human behavior concept. **References psychclassics.yorku.ca/Skinner/Twotypes/twotypes.htm

      1. Pavlov, I.P. Conditioned reflexes (Trans. & ed. by G.V.Anrep) London: Oxford Univ. Press, 1927.Pp xvi + 430.
      2. Skinner, B.F. Drive and reflex strength: I .J. Gen. Psychol., 1932, 6, 22-37. 3.----------. The rate of establishment of a discrimination. J. Gen. Psychol., 1933, 9, 302-350.
      3. -----------. The generic nature of the concepts of stimulus and response.J. Gen. Psychol., 1935, 12, 40-65. Harvard University Cambridge, Massachusetts
    2. Iamlee 04 Feb 2022
      Thus while a reflex of Type II prepares the organism, a reflex of Type I obtains the food for which the preparation is made. And this is in general a fair characterization of the relative importance of the two types. As Pavlov has said, conditioned stimuli are important in providing saliva before food is received, but "even greater is their importance when they evoke the motor component of the complex reflex of nutrition, i.e., [p.7 6] when they act as stimuli to the reflex of seeking food." (1, p.13).[9] Although "the reflex of seeking food" is an unfortunate expression, it refers clearly enough to behavior characteristic of Type I.

      I got its both a stimulate and action. Positive and negative reinforcements along with punishments express behavior attributes of type l.

    3. Iamlee 04 Feb 2022
      The position of a pseudo-conditioned reflex may be summarized as follows. When the pseudo-reflex is based upon a reflex of Type I and when Ro requires external points of reference, there are important practical and theoretical reasons why a separate formulation is demanded. When Ro does not require external points of reference, there are fewer differences, but a separate formulation is still necessary. When the pseudo type is based upon a reflex of Type II, the distinction is weakened but should still be made, except when SG can be reduced to a very low value relative to S'o. In the last case a practical distinction is impossible, not because of an identity of types, but because of the failure of Type II to appear experimentally in a pure form.

      Thoroughly explains the given conditions of type 1 and when Ro requires external points states why a separate formulation is needed.Talks over the importance of a separate formulation still being mandatory even when Ro does not call for outside sources.When the reflex is based on type ll the difference is undermined but should still be pursued except when the value is low.

    4. Iamlee 04 Feb 2022
      Although it is common to speak of properties as stimuli (1), the presence of a property in the position of a stimulus is a certain indication that a pseudo-conditioned reflex is really in quesiton. A property alone cannot be used in either true type because it implies extinction; most of the real stimulus must be relegated to SG, and the requirement that the value of SG  be negligible cannot therefore be satisfied.

      If a need takes place properties can duplicate results.The action concerning SG value can't be content causing a state of confusion.

    5. Iamlee 03 Feb 2022
      Merely putting the dog into the stand again should elicit salivation according to Paradigm II. In practice this is a disturbing effect, which must be eliminated through extinction. So long as it occurs, any actual case of Type II must be formulated as a pseudo-conditioned reflex.

      I understand this creates supplement stimulus to arouse a requirement.

    7. Iamlee 03 Feb 2022
      Let the presentation of the light be followed by a shock to the foot until the light alone elicits flexion.

      Discusses how the light is followed by shock to inner limbs in order to draw out bending movements.

    8. Iamlee 03 Feb 2022
      This is a confusion with Type II which obviously arises from a neglect of the extinguished reflex.

      An uncertainty along Type ll comes to light inside a disuse of douse automatic action.

    11. Iamlee 03 Feb 2022
      The relation between the light and the response to the lever might be called pseudo-conditioned reflex.

      Defines the terminology of the light and lever observation.

    12. Iamlee 03 Feb 2022
      This point may require some comment. In the present use of the term a drive is an inferred variable of which the strength of a group of reflexes is a function (2). Hunger, for example, is a variable (H) a change in which is responsible for concurrent changes in the strength (a) of all unconditioned reflexes concerned with the ingestion of food, (b) of all conditioned reflexes (of either type) in which the reinforcing stimulus is concerned with the ingestion of food, and (c) to a much lesser extent of all "investigatory" reflexes. In Paradigm I, Example a (lever - pressing) is originally a function of H to some slight extent under (c) above. After conditioning it varies with H according to (b), over a wide range probably equal to that of any unconditioned reflex under (a). Conditioning of Type I is really the becoming attached to a group of reflexes varying as a function of some drive. This is a much more comprehensive description of the process than to define it as an increase in strength, where the drive is assumed to remain constant at a significant value. But the identity of H in the present case is [p.70] determined only by our choice of a reinforcing reflex. Given (S1 - R1) of another drive, say thirst, then (So - Ro) will become conditioned by attaching itself to the group varying with thirst, and will not vary with H except to some slight extent under (c).

      This is explaining a potent constructive reinforcing stimulus.

    14. Iamlee 03 Feb 2022
      In the special case in which Ro and R'1 are of the same form, the two kinds can apparently not be separated. If, for example, some unconditioned salivation is supposed to be elicitable by a light,[4] we may substitute "salivation" for r, to obtain

      In a unusual manifestation r is one of the same. Thus the reason it can switch under different circumstances.

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    psychclassics.yorku.ca/Skinner/Twotypes/twotypes.htm