and Native captives with Europeans
I am actually very surprised to hear this, what made them choose to trade one of their own community members and what did they possibly get in return? Were Europeans willing to trade their own as well?
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diseases also had devastating effects on Native American
During this time, would this include diseases that were brought over by the Columbian Exchange?
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Powhatan
Powhatan Confederacy - An alliance of roughly 30 Algonquian-speaking tribes in the Chesapeake region, led by Chief Powhatan (Wahunsenacawh) that dominated the area English colonists encountered when they founded Jamestown in 1607. Relations cycled between trade, tension, and open warfare (the Anglo-Powhatan Wars) as English land hunger grew.
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Some Native polities moved away from large, centralized chiefdoms toward more egalitarian, decentralized communities.1
This relates to the theme: Migration and Settlement patterns. What determined how Native people migrated and what they chose to change about their way of life or political structure?
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This cooled the Northern Hemisphere a few degrees annually, shortening the average growing seasons and thus leading to political instability in the paramount chiefdoms of the Mississippian civilization.
How were political climates so drastically impacted by the physical changes of their environment? Did communities lose trust in their leaders judgement when the stability of their resources fell short? Or, was there spiritual reasoning behind their political decisions?
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Culturally and geographically isolated, the Norse were driven back to the sea by some combination of limited resources, inhospitable weather, food shortages, and Inuit resistance.
It's ironic that the Norse would raid the settlements of other communities but found themselves too isolated from other communities while they were in Newfoundland. Maybe if they would have tried to communicate and form an alliance with these communities, they would have more resources and strength in numbers. This goes back to the theme of Land, Environment, and Power. Although the Norse took hold of seemingly peaceful land, they weren't as powerful as they might have been if they were to form an alliance with the communities they raided.
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Norse
(Definition) Norse - generally means the people, language, and culture of medieval Scandinavia, specifically during the Viking Age from the 8th to the 14th centuries.
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Arab traders, bringing with them sailing technology, Islam, and a written language, had been active in the Indian Ocean world from the eleventh century onward.
This follows one of our common themes of this unit: Religion and Colonization. Arab traders (like other groups) didn't just bring people to new lands, but their ideas and religion as well. I wonder if there were groups that didn't emphasize bringing the inclusion of religion as much when embarking on new land. Did Colonizers and voyagers place similar value on religion even amongst different groups?
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cultural creativity
What do they mean by cultural creativity? Are they referring to assimilation as a means of survival?
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