ocean acidification

Calcareous benthic foraminifera

ocean acidification

ocean acidification

calcification

Penicillus

Halimeda

Halimeda

coral reefs

Halimedameadows

Penicillus

Halimeda

ocean acidification

Amphiroa

coralline alga

coralline algae

Coralline algae

high-CO2 conditions

temperature

calcification

calcification

coralline algae

coralline algae

Calcification

increasing CO2

coralline algae

phylum Chlorophyta.

green algae

phylum Rhodophyta

coralline red algae

coral reef ecosystems

macroalgae

calcification rates

Ocean acidification

elevated-CO2conditions

coral larvae

ocean acidification

corals

ocean acidification

ocean acidification

temperature increases,

calcification rates

temperature

calcification

corals

calcification rates

calcification

calcification

ocean acidification

temperature increase

ocean acidification

increases in temperature

Temperature

scleractinian corals

Calcification rates

coral reef

coralline algae

corals

ocean acidifica-tion

acidification

calcification

coralline algae

corals

decrease in the calci-fication rate

ocean acidification

coralline algae

decreased skeletal growth

calcifi-cation

calcification

low pH

calcification

corals

calcification

changes in the CO2

calcification

ocean acidification

concentrations of CO2, CO32–, and HCO3–.

Ca2+ concentration

Ocean acidification

calcification

calcium ion concentration

corals

calcifi-cation rate

calcification

carbonate ion concentration

calcifica-tion

corals

calcification

calcification

ocean acidification

coral reef calcification

calcification

coral reefs

coral reef ecosystems

coral reef

coral reef ecosystems

reef calcification

ocean acidification

calcifying

coral reefs

elevated-CO2 conditions

calcifying

ocean acidifi-cation

coral reefs

coral reefs

Ocean acidification

increased carbon dioxide

ocean acidification

Coral reefs

mangroves

sat-uration state

temperature

oceanic reefs

reefs

increases in mortality

temperatures

aragonite saturation states

temperatures

lowering of saturation state

Increasing temperature

corals

less carbonate accumulation

Saturation state reduction

global warming

Temperatures

temperature

ragonite saturation state

ow temperature

temperatures

bleaching

temperatures

temperatures

High temper-ature

reefs

climate change

temperature

saturation state

high temperature

mortality

bleaching

temperature

temperature

temperature

corals

Elevation of temperature

high temperature

low saturation state

low temperature

lowered calcification rates

reefs

algae

Reef-building corals

low saturation state

highsaturation state

aragonite saturation state

algae

corals

Temperaturehas

sea surface temperature

aragonite saturation state

temperature

saturation state

temperature

CO2concentratio

aragonite satura-tion state

temperature

light

ow temperatures

ow temperatures

temperature

eef communities

Acanthaster

scleractinian corals

zooxanthellate

decreasing aragonite satura-tion state]

ncreasing seasurface temperatures

light

salinity

temperature

low aragonite saturation state

low ligh

low salinity

low temperature

Coral reefs

coral reefs