From a political point of view, then,Marshall’s speech marked the birth announcement of a West German state,though in fact that achievement lay two years in the future
could be a slay - in like, the formation of the seperation and international relations of europe!
Marshall aid gave the Christian Democrats (and their Socialistallies) in France, Italy, and later West Germany a chance to bring home thebacon
SLAYYYY for religion!!!
In France, Britain, Italy, and Germany, Marshall aid was deployed bynational governments in a context framed by national politics and priorities:Washington could cajole, and sometimes insist, but the real decisions on howto deploy the aid were left to European governments
while the Marshall Plan enabled some american innfluence (as seen in the 1948 italian elections), Hitchcock highlights how decisions on how aid was used were ultimately left to native governments. While America certainly wished to assert its dominance ovre the West, salvaging them from the pull of communism, it did not wish to become the dictators of Europe, merely it's 'benevolant' uncle sam.
Marshall Plan freight cars arrive at the German town of Furth im Wald, nearthe Czech borde
potential primary source - kinda weak tho
In the 1950s, industrial production tripled and unemployment sankfrom over 10% to less than 4%. Exports increased so much – sixfold – that, by1960, the FRG was responsible for 10% of the world’s total exports, more thanBritain and second only to the United States. From 1950 to 1960, the GNPincreased at an average annual rate of 7.9%. Surely, this swift recovery owessomething to Marshall aid
good stats for economics of west germany
In the ten yearsfrom 1948 to 1958, West Germany passed through a transformation so great, soswift, that it soon came to be called the Wirtschaftswunder – “economicmiracle.
Known as the Wirschaftswunder (economic miracle) in Western Germany, the marshall Plan was hugely important to the recovery of West Germany.
Italy during theMarshall Plan period offers little support to the legend of an American rescueof postwar Europe. Italians took the aid but failed to use it well – and theAmericans discovered to their surprise that they had little leverage to compelItaly to do so
interesting!! could be my counter argument for economy!!!! furthermore, while economic aid from the Marshall Plan was not as significant in Italy, even Britain, its economy already exceedingly large, saw itself boosted, but not revolutionised by these dollars.
Moreover, Italy did not lay out a long-term plan for recoveryuntil 1955 – three years after the end of the Marshall Plan
The fact that the marshall Plan ended in 1968 could also heighten our question of its importance - need to look at the long-term impact
The Italian government therefore looked upon American aid with somecaution. Of course, the aid itself was welcome, especially the large quantitiesof bread grains, oil and coal, cotton, and machinery that the ERP providedfrom 1948 to 1951. At the same time, however, Einaudi steadfastly refused toaccept American advice on using Marshall aid to “kick-start” the Italianeconomy
While the marshall plan was significant in providing dollars to buy raw materials in Britain and West Germany, the italian government were not as keen, fearing that a 'large state-financed investment program' would result in innflation (Hitchcock, unknown p.162)
taly’s experience in the Marshall aid period was altogether different fromthat of Britain and France
interesting!
2. Industrial production in countries receiving Marshall aid, 1947–1950 (1938 = 100).Source: United Nations, Economic Survey of Europe in 1950 (Geneva, 1951), 30–3
could be useful for economic statistics! Furthermore, while providing crucial dollars, the marshall Plan also facilitated American innfluence, the American factory system as seen in giants like Ford increasingly adopted to much success in countries like italy - could look at the modernisation of the type writer too (this is from the video we watched - however, the success is demonstrated in just one industry so it doesnt show all and also talk of the provinance of the video too!).
arshall aid was essential,however, in addressing Europe’s serious dollar shortfall in 1947, which wascreated, as Milward definitively showed, by Europe’s sudden resurgence: inrestarting production, Europeans began to draw in products and raw mate-rials from overseas that they could not yet pay for, their dollar reserveshaving been long depleted.
While newer archival evidence has made clear that the marshall Plan was not responsible for restarting economic growth, Hitchcock, (unknown, p.7) has highlighted the invaluable provision of dollars, a neccesity for the payment of products and raw materials needed to restart production.
n fact, thanks to the detailed research of Milward andnumerous other scholars working in the archives of West European states, itis evident that the Marshall Plan was not, strictly speaking, necessary to restartthe European economies
could talk of the importance of archival material in providing clear views of stuff
Nonetheless, throughout the summer of 1947, Europeans were talk-ing openly and passionately about a plan for continental recovery in whichCEEC states would work together: this marked a major turning point in thehistory of postwar Europe
good quote for the intergration, changing role of state and unity for reconstruction!!!
Marshall could have had no illusions that the Soviet Union wouldperceive his European aid plan as an affront and an open break with four-power policies in Germany, which it was
could have an example of how the marshall plan led to the division of Europe in to east and west, marshall knew that the soviets would not agree to the aid which would then isolate themsevles from the thing - this was also aided with a general mood of dislike of communism across Europe, felt especially in the Church --> link to christian democracy
“the revival of a working economy in the world so as topermit the emergence of political and social conditions in which free institu-tions can exist.”
SLAY PRIMARY SOURCE FROM THE MARSHALL SPEECH
Brough to life in Marshall's 1947 Speech, the Marshall Plan was a scheme for providing Europe with financial aid, the stability of Europe (and Germany in particular) a neccesity for the US to retain its worldwide position (Hitchock, unknown, p.3).
It was far more than aforeign aid program. It represented the first stage in the construction of thatcommunity of ideas, economic links, and security ties between Europe andthe United States we know simply as “the West.
it was significant in providing ties between europe and america, especially as after ww1 US adopted isolation
Furthermore, the role of the Marshall Plan in exacerbating, perhaps precip-itating, the division of Europe is now recognized, despite Marshall’s initialclaim that his offer of aid was not directed against any country or doctrine.
Marshall Plan aided in the division of eastern and western europe with it's hate of communism
We also hope for their expert assistance in reviving the German economy.
overall, the extract is quite good in saying how religion played a big role in reconstructing Europe. but this line here also even hints to the importance of the marshall plan in enable economic reconstruction. while the church themselves sought to fix the morale decay of the people , yhe huty from years under hitler etc, the marshall plan was heavily significant more broadly across western Europe in enabling each state to rebuild economically.
i guess another pro for the marshall plan could be americanisation - while the marshall plan had given financial aid, it also cemented an american presence throughout europe, fundamentally changing aspects of european culture, particularly amoung the youth. could maybe use a picture or film? furthermore, such americanisation (which was largely consumerism) was enabled because of the financial recovery, teenagers only able to rebel in that way because of their new spending power to purchase music and clothing! ooo ngl this is kinda good - yayy meeee !
In 1945 Europe lay in ruins after six years of war, and the task of moralreconstruction seemed almost as urgent as the more obvious economic tasks.
This could be a good line for the Marshall Plan question!
While the Marshall plan was a significant factor in the reconstruction of Europe, it was not the sole one.
While the marshall plan may have been vital to the economic revovery of Europe, it was not just the economy that needed to be resturctured, McLeaod (1997 quoted in Open University, p.1) highlighting the 'moral reconstruction' of Western Europe, at which the religious insitutions of the Catholic and Protestant Churches were the most important. Nevertheless, while some may highlight the importance of the church in the moral reconstruction of Western Europe, others may highlight the increased secularisation of Europe, with (idk capitalist?) activities and mindsets reducing adherment to the church in states like Britain, this mindset arguably aided by the Marshall Plan.
As such, in terms of the moral reconstruction of Western Europe, the Marshall Plan played a very insignificant role, the organisationalpower and innfluence of the Christian Churches, although waning,
GATT
GYATT
growth. 42
Stop reading
For all their many virtues, the reforms of 1968, in intention and execution,amounted to only the liberalization of a Leninist regime, the gradual wid-ening by the ruling elite of 'the non-prohibited zone, the sphere of thingspermitted, the space where people can feel themselves more or less free'.1Dubcek repeatedly spoke only of expanding priestor, which can be roughlytranslated as 'space' or 'scope', to allow wider participation
I guess they wanted to make life more private then? So could use this as an argument that in czechoslovakia, there were varying levels of privacy throughout the period, by the 1968 reforms, hope for privacy was evident, the expander of space for people was good
Yes, it is,’ she says, ‘when you become conscious of it. But the strangething is it’s only now, in this room, that I feel the shudder run down myspine. At the time I criticised other things – not being allowed to study orhave a career
control, she wasn't able to do what she wanted in life due to the state
In a way though, how we lived was quite good – we didn’t have to submitourselves to the sorts of structures and authority that we couldn’t trust here.We managed.
by being out of it tho, the had some freedom
Miriam said something provocative and he stood upsuddenly, lifting his arm up to take off the guitar strap. He was probably justgoing to say ‘That’s outrageous’, or tickle her or tackle her. But she wasgone. She was already down in the courtyard of the building. She does notremember getting down the stairs – it was an automatic flight reaction.Charlie came out to coax her back up. He was distraught. She surprisedthem both with her tics in the first years they were together.6
Interesting! how some epsecially those who had been repremarnded, were left with mental scars that, even if they were not being watched, made them feel that way.
undress, leave theclothes she came in and take in her hands the blue and yellow striped5
no private life if they were a prisoner especially
In East Germany, information ran in a closed circuit between thegovernment and its press outlets. As the government controlled thenewspapers, magazines and television, training as a journalist was effectivelytraining as a government spokesperson. Access to books was restricted.Censorship was a constant pressure on writers, and a given for readers, wholearnt to read between the lines. The only mass medium the governmentcouldn’t control was the signal from western television stations, but it tried
no private life of enjoying books or personal improvment through non-fiction - this included the bible i think
he next day, one of the parents rangthe police.‘Why would you call the police about some junk mail?’ I ask.‘Because they were silly, or maybe they were in the Party, who knows?
shows how people would inform on one another
Sometimes, I wonder what it would belike to be German
The girl is technically german (east german) - people still talk to her as if being 'german' is a thingl but its clear she doesn't think that - has the soviet union erased any sense of uniqueness? No longer private life of onesself, it was taken away.
Yet, since even in 1945 it was believed to be dangerousto speak of occupation in public, people normally spoke about “thefront”: this happened “before the front,” that “after the front.” eventhose conservative gentlemen who hated the arrow Cross movementand blamed them for the destruction of Budapest, mourned the sadHungarian fate of always being on the wrong side.
FEER TI EXPRESS THEMSELVES
For example, inde-pendent art associations were outlawed in 1929, while “socialist real-ism” became obligatory in arts only at the Congress of the Writers’Union in 1934.
Link to TMA04 about private life?
Also due to the leading architects of the day - agreed that Pugin's inclusion of stained glass in his advocacy of a return to the Gothic style of architecture was the main factor in stimulating a renwed interest inthe art, since the revival of Gothic forms of Church-building included the provision of stained glass windows as an integral part of it. And just as Pugin lambasted the 'pagan' classical churches of his day, so others deplored the parlous state of the stained glass, much of it destroyed during the Reformation and Commonwealth periods, and then generally neglected.
Reasoning for stained glass... people needed new places of workship, developing economy provided new resources, improvements in transport meant transportation of stained glass across england --> however, wouldn't be of use without the revival of religious feeling!
while major landowners andindustrialists played a leading part, many other sections of society added memorial windows. can't be certain how far people innfluenced them...chevalier lloyd was very muchso! Look at st Curig's church - good stained glass windows and possible correspondence to talk about See: Chevalier J. Y. W. Lloyd, Burlison and Grylls and the Windows of Llangurig Church: The Relationship of Patron and Manufractuerer in Victorian Ecclesiastical Art by james Stirk 1989 Montgomeryshire. lots were innfluenced by their clergeymen!
Reasoning for increase? population requiring new places of worship
p.116 talks of stained glass only really boomed from 1840s, which correlates with both medievalism/gothic revival, blue books and pre-raphaelites!
It issignificant, nevertheless, that by the end of the decade the word ‘medievalism’ could beused in a much less judgemental way (to describe the whimsy of Dante GabrielRossetti’s paintings, for example). There was then a domestication of the medieval atthis time, a reclaiming of the period to make it part of the story of British history
How did this work in Wales? Was the Gothic revival not as present due to a fear of Catholicism and strong nonconformism? Did Bute help gentilify it?
that ‘an ageadvanced to the highest degree of refinement’ should be curious about ‘the transitionsfrom barbarism to civility’.
Did Wales only partake in the Gothic revival fully by the endof the period as they now felt themselves civilised with mertropolitan centres?
With Warton and Percy, thischanged, and the fact that in the nineteenth century (as still today) there was a positiveconception of a romantic Middle Ages to counterpose to a barbaric Middle Ages waslargely due to their work and that of their immediate followers, pre-eminently WalterScott.
With the founding of a 'romantic' middle ages, the () of gothic archetecture was revived in england, while artisticatributes of medieval religious art were adopted by the Pre-raphaelites. But how much of an impact did this make on Wales. Unlike England, Wales had a () of barbarism, and as such, it is possible that gothic architecture was not recieved as warmly by the Welsh. However, this did not mean that the country was bereft of contributions to this movement. Perhaps the most oppulent and well-preservediscastle coch by (blah). but was it Welsh in character?
Alternatively, Wales boasted many gothic revival churches, often restorations of authentic medieval churches, although many were built too. While the style itself was largely English, the movement saw some of the first Welsh speaking architects involved, with john jones first building a chapel in blah, and ten going on to aid the building of crystal palace in blah. While an image of liberal nonconformity has come to present the Welsh of the victorian period, not all who were proud to be Welsh were nonconformists, the scathing () of the 'blue books' actually written by an anglican. As such, could we argue that such building came from the Welsh people also, inspired, like many across Europe, to return to medieval architecture in a time of great change.
Interestingly
n News from Nowhere (), composed in the medieval form of adream vision, William Morris shows his commitment not just to medieval politics andeconomics but also to style. When ‘William Guest’, a dreamer from the nineteenthcentury, finds himself in the peaceful, prosperous, and healthy England of the future, heasks how it is governed and receives the answer ‘the whole people is our parliament’
Interesting, what is the link to wales? Was he innfluenced by lady guest?
babelicious babes xoxo
mong those advocating radical political reform for Britain in the late eighteenthand nineteenth centuries, appeals to medieval history are very common.
was it common in Wales
‘I shall desire you would take notice of the Windows, especially in the Church’supper part, which both for the Glass and Iron-work thereof are well worthy yourobservation’.¹⁷ He then records the subject of every window and the Latin verses thatexplain the parallelisms between the Old and New Testament scenes. Somner’sAntiquities offers an unprecedented way of looking at a medieval church: historicallyknowledgeable, articulate, appreciative, and contextua
Link to my own usage of churches/stained glass as a show of the gothic revival
the ‘Norman yoke’, the beliefthat the pre-Conquest English had enjoyed basic liberties subsequently overridden bytheir Norman overlords
With the norman yoke, i guess even the english disliked the norman conquest - like the Welsh they liked pre-conquest.
scholars’ efforts were linked to a burgeoning sense of national identity as well asto the assertive separation of the English Church from its Roman Catholic ties.
Does this apply to Wales?
the Arthurian tradition could also be mobilized for other ideologicalpurposes
Maybe it could be - the mobilisation of King arthur? idk, i dont really think wales did much?
Yet Prise was also able to bring forth early Welsh references to Arthur by the bardsTaliesin and Myrddin, and to cite the evidence of Welsh place-names and oraltradition. As Prise points out, ‘If all those famous men, about whom it will never bepossible to produce so many and such great pieces of evidence or records as areavailable for Arthur, were to be totally erased from our collective memory, a hugecrowd of distinguished people would undoubtedly have to be got rid of in a mightyjettisoning of antiquity.’¹⁸ Prise was not alone in this perception, and it must have beenshared by many, like Holinshed, who found themselves able neither to defend Arthurnor to discard him. For if Arthur were to be jettisoned, how many other figures ofBritish antiquity—from the Trojan Brutus to King Lear, King Lud, and old King Cole—would fall with him
SLAY Good for the historicity of king arthur in Wales andthe neccessity for Welsh sources for arthur to form in England.
A far more capable and learned defence of Arthur’s existence was undertaken by theWelsh scholar Sir John Prise, whose Historiae Britannicae Defensio was published someeighteen years after the author’s death in
Welshman defends historical arthur in tudor times
Chapter 1 Tudor king arthur
chronicler struggles to preserve arthur as a historical British hero. Funny how in the tudor period, he looms so largely as a figure of national and imperial identity, but with little to say about him
1485 looked like a gateway opening for the Arthurian future, newly crowned Henry VII conscious of Arthur as an ally -->Welsh authors of prophetic ppeotry praised 'harri tudur' as reviver of Britain's ancient glory, he wasn't always associated with arthur tho, and hisname carried less weight in medieval Welsh literature, more though of as the offspring of TrojanBrutus andlast British King Cadwalardr!
however, amoung English idea that the welsh awaited KA (king arthur) was entrenched and he was anacceptable face of Welsh nationalism. Henry even named his son arthur! he was fairly prominent in iconography ofearly tudors, good international rep and could be used to smothe relationships with Welsh and contitnental powers arthur was then used politiclly, especially in the reformation as having pure christianity.
Often presented as a pictersque backdrop to host the Gothic revival of the English, this dissertation aims to bring to light the role of the Welsh in the broader Gothic and medieval revival in Europe. While credited to England, Wales arguably played a role artisticly and creatively, with Welsh text trnaslations forming the subject of (idk pre-raphaelite) paintings, while pre-conquest welsh attributes appropriated by the English. As such, we may argue that the Gothic Revival had far more of a Welsh flavour than previously imagined.
They also stress, however, that influence worked in both directions:just as English artists travelled to France to be inspired by medieval art and architec-ture, so French scholars journeyed to Britain to transcribe manuscripts
Did a similar thing happen in Wales? By how much did the translation of the Mabinogi innfluence the broader movement - was this a significant contribution by the welsh to the movement?
The nineteenth century saw theestablishment of many learned, literary, and antiquarian societies whose aim was tomake the remains of medieval culture accessible to the public, and to protect them forfuture generation
What were these in Wales? I think they had a few that were based in London. Wales didn't have a metropolitan centre, so London was it'd base, but did it make it any less Welsh? Did having it in London also encourage others to partake in the Welshness
he TinternAbbey that features so famously in Wordsworth’s poem had been represented inwatercolour by J. M. W. Turner a few years earlier and was painted in oil by WilliamHavell in . Engravings of these and other works inspired tourism to sites of ruinsas well as to Horace Walpole’s ‘new-build’ Gothic pile
Significant!! Welsh inspiration for the gothic revival - tintern abbey was part of a significant wordswoth poem and a water colour, then painting - significant! Could show the importance of Wales to the movement! Could be argued that this was English innfluence ig, but try to find a strong link
Introduction Chapter pt.2 King arthur wasused during tudor period as a national historical hero, to a dismissed fictional character who still inspired popular enthusiasm.
Medievalism was born in the romantic period, with collectors, poets and novelists making the foundations through recovering past languages, literature and history, reviving and defining gothic architecture, reffered to fuedal and religious insitutions of MA to renew identities. Romanticism was a mix of recovery and imagination, with authenticity mixed with subline, self expression and emotion. Interestingly, it appears that the victorian period saw a lot of romantic 'history' debunked as myth, yet we get even more myth making with their depiction of the period.
he WelshMelodies of Felicia Hemans ().
Link to Wales!!
ut the medieval-styletextiles produced by Morris & Co. decorated many affluent drawing rooms,
Did the welsh innfluence this?
Introduction Chapter
Past utilised to back up the present - Anglo-Saxon culture 400s-1000s credited as source of jury system, free schools and representative parliament (does this link to Wales - how far did Wales during this period innfluence the English, just how much of this 'English medievalism' was actually an appropriation of Welsh stuff?) Norse and Danish 'Viking' raiders asforefathers of British navy and empire. Anglo-normans of 1100s and 1200s emulated for feudal system, religious rituals, architecture and craftsmanship. (how far were the Welsh part of this?)
Unlocking the Church: The Lost Secrets ofVictorian Sacred Space ()
Medievalism: A Critical History ()
Architecture and Religious Communities –: Building theKingdom ()
The Pre-Raphaelites ()
Imperial Gothic:Religious Architecture and High Anglican Culture in the British Empire, c–()
Could be a good read for religious architecture?
Reinventing King Arthur(),
Reading
hester.107 Bycontrast, while Llywelyn ap Gruffudd, the prince of Wales killed in1282, was commemorated in verse and music, notably a highlypopular cantata first performed at the National Eisteddfod in 1863,nothing came of periodic attempts from the 1850s onwards to raisesubscriptions for a monument in his honour.108 The same was largelytrue of calls for the raising of statues of other Welsh heroes. Thus itwas that Tom Ellis, Liberal Member of Parliament and leading lightof the Cymru Fydd or Young Wales movement, still felt it necessaryin 1892 to urge his compatriots to cherish "the
So welsh people didn;t do this as much as else where?
astle," submitted to the Llangolleneisteddfod of 1858 and published two years later, may have been setin the late fourteenth century but its subject was the ideal VictorianWelsh woman, and thus, as one of its adjudicators observed, offereda riposte to the Blue Books' slurs on Welsh w
POetry at the eisteddfod, while with a medieval flavour, sought to use the past to legitimise themselves
anwg. The Llangolleneisteddfod of 1858, masterminded by the Reverend John Williams(Ab Ithel; 1811-62), was the high tide of this ardent patriotism,prompting The Times to observe sourly: "For four days all that hastaken place in the world since the age of OWEN GLYNDWR isforgotte
Link to eistedfodd
o-Saxons. The popularity ofthis satirical characterization of the Blue Books testified to awidespread familiarity among the Welsh with legends about theirearly and medieval past.76 Indeed, one response to the Blue Bookswas to vindicate what was perceived to be traditional Welsh culturewith its roots in the Middle A
good quote!
on, which asserted that the early Welsh church windependent of Rome; thus the end of the period covered in the stusaw, to quote Rees, "the Welsh in the possession of a NationaChurch and in the enjoyment of religious liberty," subsequentrestored at the Refor
Medieval revival kinda was aided by the growth of nonconformity and scholarly thinking that medieval times saw welsh church og not affilitated with rome
f Anglicans were receptive to Pre-Raphaelite art, and byimplication its medieval exemplars, Evan Williams (18167-1878),Calvinist Methodist minister, artist, and pioneering Welsh-languageart critic was extremely hos
Interesting - did people even accept the pre-raphelite medieval revival? Had close links to catholicism.
ar. However, though it lacks anyobvious Welsh affinities, it provided a fitting setting for a landownerintent on proclaiming his status as a latter-day lord of the manor, notsimply in the general terms so common at the time wherebyVictorian gentlemen identified themselves with the ethos ofmedieval chivalry, but more specifically as the self-proclaimedtwenty-third lord in succession of Cemais - a lordship in nearbynorthern Pembrokeshire established in the early twelfth ce
The art style was also used to assert dominance - not exactly very nationalist is it
he early nineteenthcentury we find both established landed families and nouveau richeindustrialists following a wider trend of expressing their status by theerection of castles.
A popular archtectural style that was impressive - was this nationalism
edieval.13 Nevertheless,religious affiliations certainly influenced Welsh attitudes to theMiddle Ages. For one thing, despite the influx of Irish Catholicimmigrants, and the restoration of the Roman Catholic hierarchy inEngland and Wales in 1850, Wales offered poor prospects for large-scale attempts to revive medieval forms of Catholic devotion of thekinds seen in countries with large Catholic populations such asFranc
Medieval revival with william bute's castle possibly due to his catholic beliefs? idksome architect said that gothic was the true religious art style?
. While provoking widespread condemnation,the report also stimulated efforts to prove that the Welsh were notonly respectable but fully equipped to participate in the commercialand industrial progress of imperial Brit
SLAYYY very important
. Pugin displayed in his Mediaeval Courtat the Great Exhibition in London in 1851 were his fittings for thenew Roman Catholic friary church at Pantasaph in Flintshire, whileWilliam Burges's desig
core guys of medievalism in England also worked in Wales too Wales was a particular place of interest due to its castle's the most spectacular remoddling being that of Lord Bute's residences Cardiff Castle and Castle Coch, both designed by William Burges.
located the Welsh tales in a broader context of medievalEuropean romance in her introduction and quoted extensively fromrelated French tales in her copious notes.3
Lady guest reinforced the place of arthur as a welshman through her translation. however, did such a translation into english, and her setting into the 'broader context of medieval European romance', reduce the extent that arthur belonged to the welsh?
It was the commonality of the mountains and how it had shaped the people that united them, not ethnicity as much of wales was result of migrants. mountains were eternal and did not change --> a divine creation. gae them a moral character too.
Argues how, as wales didnt have continued poltics, had to find another way to secure basis of national history, for Edwards it was the mountains. it captured people's imagination! makes comparison to Lloyd again,but still highlights how Edwards draws distinc altho simplisitc parralels between the mountains and its people. He used it as they had both seperated and united the country, variation of landscape is also emphasised --> claims this was reason why politcal unity had been different, however the geographical character had also made it different to England.
Goes on to write how edwards sought to help the welsh see their duties as welshmen more clearly by looking at the past. Writing history in a way that spoke to the welshmen of 1890s and 1900s of their own identity. Argues that edward was self-aware, understanding how materials could be manipulated for effect, of the techniques of national history-writing in the 1800s --> he himsef uses these.
Each glance that we take at the past offers us aclearer view of the future’
SLAY
And the ability todress the old in perfect beauty is a sacred ability – this is how a nation declares itshighest aims in life’
SLAYYY
They imagined that the old was better than it was, they made their princeperfect in their eyes’]. Edwards does not find the people at fault for imaginingperfection; rather, he finds in their imagining a force for developing as a nation
While not saying it explicitly, the author alludes to Edward's Primordialist view
he figure of the hero allows the nation to take from the past what it needsto become confident and progressive in the future
SLAYYYY FOR DISSERTATIONN
Welsh historiography was written by antiquarians andlocal historians who were often concerned with specific aspects of Welsh history
Talks of him as breaking away from previous ideas of history which were usually by antiquarians or local historians who were concerned on specific aspecs - instead he gave a more rounded view which was still academicably credible.
history books were designed to guide y werin18 through their own past, thusmaking them more aware of their identity in the present. In so doing, his hopewas that Welsh identity could find its own way of progressing and developing.His history books were ‘refreshing’ 19 because he offered the people of Wales anaccessible interpretation of their own past.
Develops her idea and says how Edwards provided Welsh with more understanding of thei past, and thus making them more aware of their presence identity, enabling welsh identity to develop.
O.M. Edwards, on the other hand, took a different approach and wrotepopular histories and textbooks.
The author initially compares and contrats Edwards and Lloyd as historians, with the pair depicted as opposites, Lloyd miticulous and using good source material, Edwards more so doing popular histories and textbooks - are they discrediting his work?
that historyprovided a means of legitimizing Welsh claims to nationhood. A
SLAYYYY YASSS - COULD USE THIS IN DISSERTATION
Dr Isambard Owen, in an address to the opening of the Cymmrodorion sectionof the National Eisteddfod in 1886, commented: ‘The history of the Welshpeople ... has become an almost forgotten study among its members. I do notknow if in a single school in all Wales instruction in it is at this day given.’ 11 Forindividuals such as O.M. Edwards and J.E. Lloyd who were not only historians byprofession but also actively engaged with questions of Welsh identity, it was clearthat an awareness of the Welsh past was crucial in fostering a sense of nationalidentity
Claims that, with Welsh history sidelined in schools,O.M. Edwards sought to make an awareness of the welsh past as it was crucial for national identity - is thisabit of a stretch?
it was ‘The Matterof England’ rather than ‘The Matter of Britain’ that was considered significant inhistorical works of the perio
Goes on to talk how history at the time was developing, how english history reigned supreme in england
These twovignettes demonstrate that Edwards was a popular teacher of history and thatthe images and symbolism that he used in his works resonated with his audience
Nice usage of primary and secondary sources! Opens quite strongly, detailing who he is, why he was important and how his academic life may have innfluenced his writing
His work will talk of John Rhyss, who belived that languages and inscriptions were critical for roman and post-roman population of Wales --> his views influenced Llyod's treatement of the period. Zeuss' work created springpoard for comparative and historicalstudy of celtic languages. the period rhyss began was really good for celtic studies, most of the leaders however during the period were germans, and those who weren't usually went to study in oxford.
(feels rather narrative like for the first little bit).
1877 he defended views about the languages and peoples of wales that were unsual at the time, he discussed relationships between celt languages, standard view'd been that Kymric (parent language of welsh, cornish and breton) was allied with Gaulish the others bing more distant.
people learn history from all sorts of things, its fragmented and sitored based on afew key events, people and trends - but doesnt mean that it's insignificant. hiatory wasn't the only motivation for nationalists, the present was important too, but it did pla a role. nationalists were aware of history's potential to mobilize national sentiment - lots about glorious heritage and english oppression some calling it pure propaganda.
Focuses on how history effected Welshculture after WW2 - how people learnt about the past, how they interacted with national identity, misconceptions abut the history of identity and how such misconceptions harm welsh development
rys Morgan, ‘Keeping the legends alive’, in Tony Curtis (ed.), Wales: The Imagined Nation: Essaysin Cultural and National Identity (Bridgend, 1986), pp. 19–41
Another good book to look up!
8 John S. Ellis, ‘Reconciling the Celt: British national identity, empire, and the 1911 investiture of thePrince of Wales’, Journal of British Studies, 37 (1998), pp. 391–418
Have a read of this!
As the mock-medieval investiture of the future Edward VIII as Prince of Wales atCaernarfon Castle in 1911 showed, even the symbols of conquest wererecast to declare Wales as a partner rather than a subject of England
Interesting! look further into this!!!!!
the past was utilised for 'justification for national unification' (p.668).
As the poet R. S. Thomas wrote in 1955,‘There is no present in Wales, | And no future; | There is only the past.
Could be good for dissertation tile
In respect of the jazz content of German propagandaSittler had this to say, using the series ‘Dance Tunes and Cabaret’ as a example:The ‘Dance Tunes and Cabaret’ programme is trying to build a bridge of jazz betweenGermany and America. The broadcast assumes that thousands of friendly disposedAmericans have gathered round their loudspeakers to hear how in poor old Hunlandthey treasure the cultural legacy of Jewish-American jazz. ‘Listen! We Germans cando it too!’ is what the announcer seems to be saying. The choice of material wouldmake you think you were in the heart of New York’s black ghetto — well, a few yearsback, actually, as the latest hits have not yet filtered through to us barbarians.
Interesting primary source
DanceandEntertainmentOrchestra
Despite the ban on Jazz, Goebbles, in an attempt to maintain public morale, increasingly permitted lighter, popular music to be played on German radio, with a 'German Dance and Entertainment Orchestra established in 1941 to enable this. As such, music on the radio becoming increasingly similar between Germany and Britain as the war progressed
Asthewarcontinuedandpublicgloomdeepened, Goebbelsbecameincreasinglyemphaticabouttheimportanceofprogrammeswhichofferedlightrelieftothenation—entertainmentontheleveloftheenormouslypopularradiofeature,the‘WunschkonzertfiirdieWehrmacht(‘Forces’Choice’)withitsmixtureofsentimen-tality,oldfavouritesandcurrenthits—martialmusicsuchas‘EsistsoschénSoldatzusein’,‘Siegreichwoll’nwirFrankreichschlagen’,or‘Bomben aufEn-ge-land,withcheerfulgreetingsfromthefrontandforthefamily
SLAYYY quote! Matches the r]british forces programme
his directive had the result of increasing the proportion of musical programmes tonearly seventy per cent in 19357, compared with sixty per cent in 1934. At the openingof the 1939 Funkausstellung, Goebbels again emphasized the importance of relaxationand entertainment on the radio, in addition to spiritual uplift and political dedication,pointing out that this made it, ‘next to the press, the most effective weapon in ourstruggle for national existence.
ABSOLUTE SLAY QUOTE HERE!!!
Kershaw clearly describes thehardships endured by the German people during these months, as the home front and thewar front merged together.
However, while at varying points of the war British and german women saw great similarities in their experience, by the end of the war in Germany, home and war front, Kershaw notes (author, date, p.642) merged into one. As such, by the end of the war, it is impossible to compare the immenete victory in Britain and the final battle in Germany.
Thus, throughout the war, Germany and Britain saw similarities in experience in various ways. While Germany had never conscripted its women into the workforce, hundreds of thousands of german women, in Britain,
Whilst the application of censorship and the use of propaganda could conceal thenationwide extent of the bombing and strengthen hatred towards the enemy, theycould not hide the increasingly difficult and desperate situations faced by German civiliansin their daily lives.
Even then, blah highlights how, while information was often more positive on German radio, it could not thwart real life suffering
The Nazi women’s organ-isations employed millions of German women, mainly as volunteers to take part in worksuch as air raid protection schemes, sewing for the Wehrmacht and distributing food,water and clothing to people affected by the air raids. They also assisted with evacuations,running service points to provide accommodation, help with baggage, care for the elderly,pregnant women and those with young children.
Same as Britain!
he population expects women from the higher levels of society to show a good example.Available information, they say, shows that [those who have taken on work] are almost exclu-sively women in humble circumstances, while often women from more favourable circum-stances produce a multitude of reasons which prevent them from working
While women were encouraged to join the workforce increasingly throughout the period, in both nations, it was often the lower classes which saw themselves adopt more masculine work in factories etc.
Stephenson notes how those in the WTV (idk that thing) were often upper class women, their control of their areas during war merely a continuation of their management of 'charitable causes' prior to the war. idk was it the same in germany?
Failure tohelp the war effort in this way was a signifier of dishonourable behaviour.
In both nations, suffering and making do with rationing was an expected aspect of the war effort, propaganda in both countries encouraging women to continue with difficulties to help their soldiers fighting for their freedom, an array of adivce presented in blah blah blah
which place saw special opening times for working women in shops?
The result of the prevailing division of labour and 'increasing number of female headed households', both Germany and Britain saw the provision of food and clothing as the responsibility of women, their experiences of rationing and shortages surprisingly similar. primary sources showing experiences of waiting in long ques. Germany, however, had seen such governmental interference for far longer, the NSF runing courses from 1934 on how to economise and care for a family under total war conditions. Nevertheless, Britain too saw the founding of the 'Ministry of Food', leaflets, as in Germany Nevertheless, by nevertheless, while Germany and British women both struggled in feeding their families
page 220-221 - could argue that women within the more welfare led war work saw a different experience. In britain, they were largely independent from the government control and were ran by upper class ladies. In contrast, those in Germany saw the main relief agency ran under the NSDAP, with large male leadership. Nevertheless, while women may have been more involved in the leadership and running of welfare organisations in Britain, the roles women played more generally were suprisingly similar. Both the WVS and NSF aided evacuation and first aid.
The picturewas similar in Germany; farming families regarded some of the women mi-grants and evacuees as greedy and lazy, if notdownrightpromiscuous inaddition. The townies, for their part, sometimes despised the simple andstubborn – as they saw it – rural people. 63 From Aalen, it was reported, afterthe evacuees had left, that “One of the little madams wrote on the school’stable: ‘We bought everything from the Swabians except their stupidity.’” 64And sometimes resentful urban evacuees denounced farmers to the Naziauthorities for treating foreign workers better than themselves.65
Interestingly, a divide was evident between rural and urban women in both countries
By December 1942, almost a million mothers and childrenhad been evacuated from cities to the countryside, and the numbers wouldonly increase. 55 In all, perhaps ten million German women and childrenwere evacuated by the end of the war
While British women were perhaps the first to be evacuated with their children to the countryside, Stephenson (date, p.218) notes how evacuation was far more prominent within Germany from December 1942, with over 10 million German women and children evacuated by the end of the war, compared to Britains 4 million. As such, we could argue some difference in experience.
Whereas in Britain, fraternization with POWs wasan issue chiefly of loyalty and the maintenance of traditional sexual morality,in Germany, the regime’s overriding racial priorities demanded Draconianpunishment for “pollution of the blood.”
Good quote if i wanted to talk about the experience of a lack of men?
Stephenson notes 5 features shared amoung women in germany and britain * conscription meant the absence of male family members * presence of native and allied soliders, POWs and in germany foreign civilian workers * bombing of civilians needing large-scale relief work and evacuation * total economic warfare meant shortages, rationing and a black market * men conscription meant the mobilization of women in vicilian employment in work with the armed forces and voluntary work
impact varied
Implied to have been far less involved in the war effort, German women, Stephenson (date, p.207) notes that German women
Fourth, inGermany the agrarian sector remained significant, with 4.4 million womenworking in agriculture in 1933, many of whom were farmers’ wives: in1939, women accounted for 54.5 percent of the agricultural workforce. 24By contrast, “the farmwife all but disappeared in England” in the interwaryears, with women in agriculture accounting for only 1 or 2 percent of thetotal female workforce
Different experience
Thus, the balance of thecivilian population was altered – even distorted – with the home front con-sisting disproportionately of women, children, and older men
With men at war, the homefront was disproportionatly made up of 'women, children and older men' (Stephenson, date, p.209)
A medium utilised for excapism and propaganda, the cinema was an integral part of the home front experience for most in Britain and Germany, analysis of the sort of movies produced and their reception suggesting that civilians experience of this form of 'entertainment' was more similar than first believed.
Noting that (stats), the cinema was a significant source of excapism during the war, cinema's re-opened despite fears of bombing. monitered by the (), Britain, like Germany, saw films censorship. Nevertheless, while Germany saw hollywood films banned entirely by (), British audiences were still able to () hollwood blockbusters, (historian) noting how they reigned supreme in places like portsmouth. Nevertheless, like Germany, National productions were typically popular, the MO noting an increased desire for comedies and romances as the time went on. As such, we could possibly note how even the comparison of cinema usage notes a feeling amoung the civilians themselves - rom-coms and other escapist mediums seeing increased popularity by the end of the war, () noting implications of war weariness and a need to escape the brutality of everyday.
Interestingly however, while rom-coms gained increased prominence by the end of the war, movies encouraging debate on a new social order post-war were welcomed too. This was in great contrast to the German cinema experience, which saw Nazi ideology cleverly intertwined in film. Films such as () prompted.
Thus, analysis of the cinema provides an interesting section of home-front experience. A significantly favoured form of entertainment, the cinema shows how many sought an hour or two of escapism in a comfy chair, such desires evidence of (blah).
In both countries, censorship was imposed, the dissemination of newswas manipulated, and propaganda was issued; on the whole, however, thiswas a break with peacetime practice for Britons but a continuation of it forGermans.
Quote for cinema's? While () as the land of (), Britain too utilised censorship and propaganda to ensure morale. Neverthless, like Germany, () British cinema was not (), with films often utilising () to present messages. As such, we could argue that British and German civilians on the home front experienced a similar sort of experience in the cinema, where comedies and () were appreciated and increasingly made. Nevertheless, while Britain imposed newsreels within cinema, Germans saw themselves with (by blah) over 40 mins of news, something that the British did not face.
he domes-tic economy of Nazi Germany relied on 7.5 million forced laborers, whosecontribution allowed the Third Reich to limit the industrial mobilization ofGerman women.
SLAY good quote for talking about women's work
Taking 1936 as the base (100), retail prices reached only 113 in 1944. However,as Jeremy Noakes has pointed out, civilian consumption was a better indicatorof the “extent of the sacrifices made by the populations.” On this measure, thedifficulties of both Germany and Japan were apparent. Compared to prewarlevels, civilian consumption fell in these countries respectively by 24 and 31percent; by contrast, it fell by only 16 percent in Britain, and it rose by an equalpercentage in the United States.
Could be good statistical evidence
But their economic preparations were also a function ofattitudes toward war in the interwar period itself. For this reason preparationswere extensive in Germany, much less so in the United Kingdom, and almostnonexistent in the United States.
However, such differences in initial female employment numbers and the voluntary beginings of womens work may be due to, Purseigle notes, Germany's position as aggressor, German women working in higher numbers due to mobilising earlier
ecause the out-come on the battlefield depended on the productive apparatus of the homefront.
good quote was home front different when gb was inning and germany was loosing?
, the relations between urban dwellers and rural populations exacer-bated these tensions as soon as access to foodstuffs became problemati
Interesting - could be something to look at with women maybe? Could look at how urban and rural women often were at odds with one another - arts seen as 'tarts' and evacuee women seen as feral in britain, was it the same in germany?
Aswomen’s contributions to the war effort challenged conventional gendereddefinitions of patriotic service, the demands of mobilization bore heavily on allsections of society.2
How did this demand be similar and different in each
During this time, from a mixture of realityand propaganda, an image of the nation at war was created whose accuracywas later largely accepted by commentators
Could we sa home front experience differed in propaganda? Was it similar or different? what were the people at home being fed?
invasion
negative
One of the most often cited ways in which the war impacted on the homewas the provisions made by the state and by employers for childcare, mostnotably in the provision of workplace nurseries and the schemes to evacuatechildren, with their mothers if they were young, away from the cities thatwere expected to be the main targets for aerial bombardment.
I guess i need to put parameters for women - are they single in the factories? working class mums who workerd and looked after the home?
robably of more practical help to working women was the growth ofcommunal feeding centres such as ‘British Restaurants’ and the developmentof time and labour-saving devices and products for the home.
then we have the look of hoovers and washing machines - this was revolutionary as it could help her
While the conditions described here could be alleviated for women of theupper and middle classes, who were more likely than others to be in aposition to afford access to childcare and to some domestic support, theresponsibility for maintaining the family home was understood during thewar as being a specifically feminine responsibility
interesting - differences in class - the working class woman had a much harder time than lots of middle and upper class women who could afford help
Despite this, women on the gun sites were subject tocontinual rumours regarding their alleged immorality and promiscuity.
women often were prejudiced
the ATS, initially opened up five different trades to women: clerk, cook,storewoman, driver and orderly, all of which, with the possible exception ofdriver, reflected the kinds of paid work that women had been employed inbefore the war.
Women experienced a greater role in employment, but the roles they fufilled weren't all that different from what they had done prior to the war.
Married women without young children and with husbands absent on warwork or military service could be conscripted, but only into part-time, localwork. The maintenance of the domestic home thus superseded the needs ofproduction, demonstrating the importance attributed to retaining linksbetween femininity and domesticity in wartime, even when this linkthreatened the efficiency of the war effort
Was this the same in germany? Intially seeking to maintain traditional gener roles, placing emphasis on a woman's important work in the home and as a mother, the experience of women on the home front in Britain was interesting, the push and pull of mobilisation often leading to an experience of confliction.
future generations ... than filling shells with which to kill some othermother’s son’
The debate shows how even women within their own country had different experiences due to different viewpoints, conservtives bemoaning the work while others called for it.
women would not be subject to conscriptionand direction, but instead the State would rely upon their patriotism andsense of duty as a means of ensuring that they volunteered their labour.
Was this the same in Germany?
As Antonia Lant hasargued, the conflict between these two opposing demands can be seenespecially clearly in the figure of the ‘mobile woman’, the (usually) young,single woman, living away from the home and occupied in war work.
Was there a difference then in the experience of married and single women?
Industrial legislation and trade union activism reduced the work week, result-ing in a Saturday half-holiday for many workers. All the while wages rosesteadily, and newly efficient and cheap means of intracity transport allowedlaborers to leave their ghettos for places of leisure.
YASSS SLAYYYY industrial legislation and trade union activism reduced the work week, resulting in a saturday half-holiday for many workers, while
Coastal resorts were, then, often to be found in symbiosis with fishing and commercial ports, evenwith associated manufacturing and import processing industries, and each function could benefit fromthe presence of the other, although the more exclusive resort interests were sometimes reluctant torecognise this.
Highly slay quote!
Industrial towns created the demand for seaside pleasures, whereasresorts helped produce a more refreshed and efficient workforce.
SLAYYYY literally my argument!!
Nor should it be assumedautomatically that landscapes of work and pleasure did not mix. Severalguidebooks encourage their readers to visit the harbour areas, docks andfish markets, 66 in part to admire them as examples of industrialimprovement, in part – particularly later in the period – to engage inplebeian voyeurism by observing ‘authentic’ working people such asfishermen and fisherwomen.A resort’s development, therefore, needs to be placed within thebroader context of its multifaceted character as a town.
proposes this link!
ort and resort werenot mutually exclusive categories, and this prompts another issue forconsideration. By and large, port and resort historiographies havefollowed separate paths and historians examining the seaside have tendedto focus on new settlements, such as a Blackpool or a Rhyl, or to ignorethe non-resort element in the economic profile of a mixed functionsettlement
slay
it does not conform to any of the dominantimages of national identity.
SLAY
At the same time he acknowledgesthat resorts themselves can be divided into two groups, those where theresort function is dominant, and those where it is shared with anotherfunction, most notably a port.37
interesting note - could link to miskell
Walton’s first volume on the rise of resorts contains a gooddeal of Welsh material, despite somewhat curiously being called TheEnglish Seaside Resort, perhaps an indication of how easy it was (and forsome still is) to use the terms English and British interchangeably
metion of walton and his important
. In these hopes the volumes for Glamorganprove disappointing for the resort historian. Volume Five on IndustrialGlamorgan, 1700–1960 focuses entirely on traditional definitions ofindustry (ignoring the fact that tourism might reasonably be defined asan industry), while Volume Six, Glamorgan Society, 1780–1980, wouldappear to make only passing reference to the county’s resorts or seasideculture.18
shows how industry was the main focus!
Most of these studies are essentially ‘biographical’, with very limitedreference to other settlements or areas, and little sense of being part of awider genre of regional, resort or urban history.
historiography -
eil Evans has perceptivelydrawn out the link between production and pleasure: ‘Resorts were theproduct of an industrial society ... Industry’s effect on the urban patternwas fundamental but never simple; it impinged ... far beyondproduction into distribution, exchange and leisure. It made countinghouses and playgrounds as well as workshops and dormitories.’10
significant quote to reference
ohn Davies has acknowledged that: ‘A newindustry came into existence as a result of the creation of the railwaynetwork. This was the tourist industry. The custom of taking annualholidays developed in the wake of the Industrial Revolution’
good quote of reference
A. H. Dodd’s Short History of Wales (1972) managestwo indexed references to Tenby, three to Aberystwyth and seven toSwansea, yet none of these allude to their roles as resorts
historiography on welsh seaside resorts were originally sprase despite their huge presence
the focus is usually only on the docks - the industrial aspects are looked at but not the leisure aspect
Visitors from the mining valleys were often described asbeing mesmerized by the impressive consignments of coal that leftthe dock. Colliers, of course, were looking at the results of their ownarduous labour float past.
Very very nice - industry and leisurewere instricibly linked for the often working-class miners visiting Barry - their life was industry and so fittingly, their leisure (and pleasure) was watching their hardwork be shipped off across the globe from a beautiful vantage point on the beaches of Barry
At Barry, the coal port breathed life back into Whitmore Bay asa visitor attraction
Very interesting! Mitskell' arguement suggests how port and resort could co-exist peacefully, Croll goes further to argue that port and resort aided the growth of the other. In a prior chapter, Croll goes into depth with how the island's origins as a bathing resort brung attention to the area for industrialization, this was prohibited by the later owner Lord Windsor, however, upon his approval, the industrilisation of the area resulted in a boost for tourism which had suffered under Lord Windsor's ban!
‘good number’had been spotted on the beach, bathing machines had been installedon the sands and were ‘well patronised’
Bathing machines were a significantly good sign - used for ladies to change and bath - it wasn't just a rough plae but a place where ladies could bathe and feel safe
Barry’s beach could not yet compete with such entertainment. InMay 1888, the editor of the Barry and Cadoxton Journal lamented thesad ‘neglect’ of Whitmore Bay by locals. He explained that a ‘great manyinhabitants of Cadoxton have never seen it [the beach], although it isso close at hand’. Aware that most Barrians were new arrivals and wereunfamiliar with the district, the editor helpfully included directions onhow to get to the seashore from east Barry and Cadoxton. It was worththe effort, he assured his readers, for it was a ‘delightful spot’ – ‘verypretty’ and made of ‘real sand’, not the ‘muddy black sand’ found atPenarth.51
idk need to waffle but brain cant lol
The rapidly urbanizing settlements of Barry and Cadoxton quicklyfilled up with new residents. For the first time, large numbers were liv-ing within walking distance of the beach.
Highlights the leisure too - these were not tourists but residents. seaside resorts also became a place of genral recreation like the big parks in london - this is something mitskell doesn't highlight, but could be due to the resorts purpose moreso as a high-class resort - it still woulda had workers in the town tho
Barry Island’s navvies were the first group to have unrestrictedaccess to the sands of Whitmore Bay since Windsor’s ban came intoforce. Sadly, we have no evidence of how they made use of the beach.Journalists tended only to pay attention to navvies when they wereworking, fighting and drinking
Very good - he highlights the weaknesses of primary sources available instead of making sweeping assumptions
Thus did theconstruction of the dock stimulate tourists’ interest both in Barry andin Barry Island
Due to the ban, natural tourism of the beach was restricted - industrialisation helped revive this through the new 'industrial tourists', which then re-awakened the natural tourism again, people going against the visitor ban to barry island
hought of as a site of ‘industrial tourism’ was underlined by a newspa-per correspondent who paid a ‘holiday visit to Barry dock’.
new era where tourism became quite industry based. This is unlike mitskell's article yk?
Even the Cardiff Naturalists’ Society – oldfriends of Barry Island, it will be remembered – temporarily put asidetheir interest in flora and fauna and allowed themselves to be bewitchedby the ingenuity of humans.
Here we see a shift from a tourism based on natural beauty to industrial wonder - industrialisation here became a tourist attraction
Barry as a place worth seeing, vividly describing the extraordinaryscenes that were, day and night, enacted there: the fantastic explo-sions, the immense clouds of steam and dust that periodically engulfedthe area, and the sudden appearance of huge earthworks and deeptrenches.
Interesting use of primary source to back up his argument
it was to be the largest single dock in the countryand cost £2 million – that it was regarded as ‘the wonder of Wales’ andbecame a visitor attraction in its own right.3
Unlike Mitskell's article, Croll highlights how industrial elements could become a key part of the leisure industry through the advertisement of industrial ports as a tourist attraction, leisure and industrialisation having a strong and positive relationship in this example.
However, these were visitors of a verydifferent stamp from those who had headed to the island in the decadesbefore Windsor’s takeover. These were ‘industrial tourists’
Naming a section of his work 'industrial tourists', Croll highlights a strog relationship between industrialisation and leisure through the new industrial workers who sought to utilise their new spending power and freetime through a trip to seaside resorts like Barr
It was all very well having a new railway, but it was still an openquestion as to whether tourists would be welcomed back to BarryIsland.
Unlike Mitskell's choice of case study, Croll's decision of Barry has clear differences, it alludes greater to the impact of external factors like landowners on the relationship between industrialisation and tourism, with Lord Windsor, upon his purchase of Barry Island, Croll notes, banning visitors from the Island and prohibiting the becoming industrialisation of the Island. As such, Croll's choice of case study is interesting, and broadens the (complexities) of studying Welsh seaside resorts further. Through the case study, he suggests how landowners often decided the nature of the relationship between industrialisation and leisure, with the ammenities required for each at the whim of (blah)
By the early 1890s, the Merthyrvalley had more than 61,000 residents; the Cynon valley had a popu-lation of some 43,000. More than 40,000 lived in the Rhymney valleywhilst nearly 90,000 lived in the Rhondda, by then ‘the most thicklypopulated valley in South Wales’.
Alludes to a differing relationship - industrialisation had caused the creation of large settlements of workers, who, with the railway, could now access (and afford) to engage in leisure activities in Barry
Contemporaries were certain that the running of the first passen-ger train into the district in December 1888 constituted a red-letterday in Barry’s history. The Barry and Cadoxton Journal declared therailway to be the ‘great civilizer’ for it would end Barry’s era as a roughfrontier distric
Industrialisation had hampered and then helped tourism, altho now largely for a more different class. Swansea seemed to remain more for the upperclass aided by industrialisation. This was unlike Barry which saw it's clientel shift more towards the woring classes.
The Barry district was no longer a place for those holidaymakerswho valued solitude and quiet, rural surroundings. It was a site of steamhammers, raucous workers and earth-shaking explosions
Mitskell's point never really saw this break and overtake of industry, relationship was less frictional i think
In short order, Barry had gone from being a place that sickly visi-tors headed to for the benefit of their health, to an insanitary settlementin which inhabitants lived in fear of deadly epidemic diseases.
Whatever picturesque charms the Barry district had possessedbefore the mid-1880s, they were soon severely compromised.
confliction between industrialisation and leisure
Poor little Cadoxton looksas if it had been shovelled on one side, preparatory to being removed– a heap of rubbish blocking up the way’, remarked the South WalesDaily News in May 1887.9
Evidence of friction - the tourists didn't always like the industrialisation. Barry was especially known for it's lack of urbanisation and natural beuaty
Recommending Mitskell's article in a footnote at th eend of his introduction, Croll takes a similar view to his 2011 predeccessor, the example of Barry further proo that 'tourism could flourish alongside a commercial port', (do thing from option thing).
Written nine years after Mitskell's article, Croll places his work neatly within the historiography of the Welsh seaside, highlighting Borsay and Walton's thesis of the (expand girly). Like Mitskell, Borsay is a key historian of reference, and as such, it is unsurprising that both article's appear to highlight a less frictional relationship between industry and leisure through their different case studys.
Poor little Cadoxton’: from ‘pleasantvillage’ to a ‘phenomenal town’
This suggests the friction between industrialisation and tourism in perhaps a clearer way than mitskell
nce
footnotes here actually recommends mitskell's argument. This is interesting and his praise for her work suggests that they possibly follow a similar line of thought. (blah) however does build upon her thesis (this chapter published 9 years after hers), while the differences in their chosen case studies does see some differentiation in their conclusions
in the later 1880s and early 1890s, the dock itselfbecame a tourist attraction and many visitors came from the coalfieldspecifically to see it
Interesting that an industrial feature boosted tourism? Mitskell talks more of the conflict between the two and people's arguments
nd that railway ran right up to the Rhondda valleys, home to morethan 80,000 inhabitants and growing steadily.3 The railway was built toconvey coal to Barry, but it would eventually be used by trippers.
like mitskell, highlights the importance of the railway in the influx of tourism. Both authors draw a clear link between this industrial development and the development of tourism. This concept of the connecting power of railway is greater developed by (blah) as he notes how this then connected the industrial workers of the rhondda valleys to Barry. This further suggests a strong relationship between industry and leisure. Industrialisation had facilitated a new working (), which saw disposable income increase for many, while industrial action encouraged parliamentary acts such as the (factory act and bank holiday acts with dates) which increased the free-time that workers could use to engage in the leisure industry, resorts like swansea and Barry, as both authors note, becoming places to do it (altho swansea's clientele was a little more posh
t was also the catalyst for the tourist rediscovery of theIsland in the late 1880s
Places importance of the dock for the revival of the island in blah
The demand for Welsh steam coal had grownexponentially, and the lack of capacity in the existing ports of southWales was acting as a brake on further growth.
Unlike Mitskell's swansea which saw tourism build upon their port, (blah) provides Barry as an example of a place, previously known for tourism, see itself revived through industrialisation (coal dock and railway for supplies), which then reinvigorated the tourist trade due to the ammenities provided initially for industrial purposes.
Unlike swansea, (blah's) discussion of Barry shows
PeterBorsay
Use of similar historians! He seems to be adding to the work of Mitskell this is a later piece so it will be interesting to see what he contributes to the historiography
Conclusion p.28-29 - attitudes of landowners could delay development or could initiate development andprovide another terminous on the railway networks. when lanowners acquisesced in hthe developemtn without participating in planning, the resulting town tended to provide accommodation for the mass market - question of the availability of captial to deveop and extend a resort. the role of the merchants, millowners and commercial entreprenurs are evident. when capital failed to materialize, there was a hiatus in the development of the town. This dependence on capital from outside wales may be compared with the experience of industrialisation in nineteenth-century wales
in conclusion, he argues that agricultural wales was unabl or unwilling to fund the process of urbanisation, it wasn't unique to wales and needed capital injection from landowning elites or commercial capital from relatively new ndustries.
development had 3 major interlinking components - necessity to have incolvement of elites, capital to be invested for long periods before good rate of return, and railways to transport holiday makers quickly and cheaply two and from the resorts
could argue that different areas had different relationships with industrialisation swansea, with its catering towards higher class people and a bustling port, had a relationship that was often competative, with one building facilities which either aided for hindered the development of the other.
in the northern places, this article argues, industrialisation was significant in providing a working-class clientele who had sufficient funds to partake in tourism and aid its growth!
p.7 intitially it was the coastal shipping which began to open up the seaside tourist trade around the coast of britain and rhyl was no exception - direct quote it then talks of the boats. ig this could link to miskell and her talk of the existence of ports and stuff
pg. 6 talks of the importance of accesibility of large cotton and wollen conurbations that a market was made for such resorts
pg. 4 asa brings infers thatthe railways were responsible for the creation of popular seaside resorts. perkin's concurs.
he says howevrer that this oversimplifies the argumens, blackpool colwyn bay and llandudno wouldnt have been achieved without cheap means of transportation - but substantial tourist trade existed before railways were constructed and evidence that landowners constrained development for decades after railway developments
page 3 i guess for this one, the main argument would be that industrialisation and tourism had a relationship through industrialisations facilitation of tourism (it goes with the post it note i wrote tbh)
Themovement west of sea-bathing areas in Swansea in some respects anticipated the development ofseparate docks and seaside space in the late nineteenth-century at Barry and Penarth
link to the barry article?
influenced perhaps by Gladstone's visit in
could link to the article about landowners and elite and stuff
Fred Gray demonstrates in his essay on Brighton, there were some directconflicts of interest between fishing and tourism
again, linkage to historiography
Thomas Brookman, pictured barefoot, in his ragged workingclothes, with a net slung over his shoulder and basket at his waist, must have presented an image ofworking life which appeared to the well-to-do Mumbles tourist to be remote and other-worldly.
cleverly compares primary sources with borsay, showing how his point about turnby works for swansea too - this is a linkage of welsh areas suggesting the relationship was seen further than just swansea that she focuses on
and by the end of the nineteenth century, there was, as Peter Borsay's chapter shows, a ‘fashionable cult’of the sea as a place of work
She places herself in historiography by naming Borsay, who she references multiple times. He is also the previous chapter in the same edited collection - it appears they have a similar view on the relationship of industry and tourism
Those visitors who did arrive during the fishing season were sometimes encouraged42to add the industry to their itinerary of sightseeing
Would this still be industrialisation? idk, need to think on this
The Swansea Bay to Rhondda line, built in1895 to improve access to the growing coalfield, provided a convenient passenger service to the coastfor the district's workers
BOOM really good link of relationship between industry and tourism aiding eachother
As new railway lines34were constructed, the accessibility of the coast increased
importance of railway again
One local guidebook of the period noted that ‘since the advent of the South Wales Railway,the resort of sea-bathing people has been very considerable’
reference to the importance of railways - as such, it was industrialisation which aided the boost of tourism. the railway was opened for industrial purposes, was then used for tourist ones - they kinda played off eachother, enabling each industry to grow!
That their wishes prevailed was not merely an example of commercialinterests outweighing the needs of visitors. The town's preparedness to sacrifice the burrows seems alsoto have been based on a belief that tourism would not be stifled as a result.
together but seperate entities?
The workscomprise a spacious trumpet-mouth entrance, a half-tide basin, an immense lock, an iron bridge, and aninner dock of sufficient acre to allow some hundreds of ships to repose majestically on their shadows inperfect safety.’ The report also conveyed the impact of a special branch line, which linked the new dockto the South Wales Railway, bisecting some of the main pedestrian and vehicle routes between the townand the bay:Wind Street is crossed by an iron bridge, and the line passes along towards the Royal Institution,where another iron bridge spans the main thoroughfare leading to Fisher Street and down to theBurrows. From this point its course is through Burrows Lodge-grounds where the arches terminate.
primary source usage for industry
The decades of the late eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries in Britain are associated byhistorians of tourism and leisure with the growth in popularity of sea bathing as a health and leisureactivity among the fashionable elite. By economic historians, they are viewed as decades of industrial1take-off, when the pace of output from textile manufactories, smelting works and mines quickened tounprecedented levels
Gives specific historian examples in footnotes - this is good and places her work within historiography
storian of the copper industry, Ronald Rees
nice reference to specific historians
One passenger wrote approvingly of ‘thescenery being grand, particularly Oystermouth Castle and the bay of Swansea’. Local guidebooks27directed visitors to the town's manufacturing premises as well as the more natural appeal of its bay andsands. The 1802 presented the proximity of bathing facilities and commercial sites as aSwansea Guidepositive advantage, drawing visitors’ attention, for example, to the Cambrian pottery operated by GeorgeHaynes, which was arranged ‘on Mr Wedgwood's plan’, and situated ‘contiguous to ... [his] Cold andHot Sea Water Baths’
Primary source usage! analyse this possibly
In fact, tourism in Swansea derived some indirectbenefits from industry in the town in the late eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries. T
So she does argue that industrialisation aided tourism - the facilities made for transporting industrial stuff eventually helped people
The drive to lure fashionable tourists at the same time as expanding as a centre for copper smeltingwas not unproblematic. One guidebook author while describing Swansea as ‘a favourite resort in thesummer for bathing’, also warned that ‘the volumes of smoke from the different manufactories are agreat deduction to the general attraction of the place’.
does she then argue that they co-existed but at the expense of the other?
a weekly English language newspaper, the, in 1804. The new publication placed Swansea on a par with other resort towns whereCambriannewspapers served as a useful organ of the tourist trade, announcing the arrival of the well-heeled andfashionable and informing visitors of the events and services on offer throughout the season
to encourage english visitors and to advertise- quite a good use of evidence i think
The Duke of Beaufort, Swansea's principal landowner, added further momentum by creating a publicwalk on an area of recently enclosed corporation land lying between the town and the sea known as ‘theburrows’. This became the town's first real visitor hub with a ‘pleasant promenade’, ‘many good lodginghouses’ and ‘two convenient bathing-houses
Could be useful part of comparison if i went for the landowners article
he building of commercial docks in the nineteenth century, as far as seaside historians are5concerned, diverted coastal towns such as these away from becoming tourist centres, with the two rolesbeing seen as incompatible.
she disagrees with this
In the1790s, James Baker recorded that the town ‘had a very considerable share of resort from the mostdistinguished persons of fashion in the kingdom; it is found a most convenient trip for the inhabitants ofBristol, Bath and the counties adjoining the Severn Sea’
First primary source - possible analysis and comparision with other article