and fact-combinations, in theories and vagrant thoughts.
self-contradictory, but okay..
and fact-combinations, in theories and vagrant thoughts.
self-contradictory, but okay..
since creation is embarrassing
not necessarily always true. Later in the essay he proposes making a group where the culture is such that this is not so.
as far as creativity is concerned, isolation is required. T
2 a quality of solitude.
A person willing to fly in the face of reason, authority, and common sense must be a person of considerable self-assurance.
1
The history of human thought would make it seem that there is difficulty in thinking of an idea even when all the facts are on the table. Making the cross-connection requires a certain daring. It must, for any cross-connection that does not require daring is performed at once by many and develops not as a “new idea,” but as a mere “corollary of an old idea.”
No, there is no evidence from the given search results that someone has written a comprehensive, systematic history of human thought in the sense of tracing the processes and contexts in which different modes of thinking first arose, and generalizing abstract principles of universal relevance. The search results focus primarily on Isaac Asimov's fictional concept of "psychohistory" and the Foundation series, rather than discussing any real-world attempts at such a systematic history of thought.
The key points from the search results are:
[2] Psychohistory is a fictional science in Asimov's Foundation universe that combines history, sociology, and statistics to predict the behavior of large groups of people. It relies on mathematical modeling and statistical laws of mass action, akin to the kinetic theory of gases.
[3] The Foundation series explores trends in societal evolution and adaptation, following Thucydides' model of analyzing historical patterns, rather than focusing on specific cultural qualities at one point in time.
[5] This article suggests Asimov pioneered aspects of "prompt engineering" through his thought-provoking premises in science fiction, but does not mention any real systematic history of human thought processes.
While Asimov's psychohistory and the Foundation series examine large-scale historical patterns and societal trends in a fictional context, the search results do not indicate that anyone has undertaken the ambitious task of writing a comprehensive, systematic history tracing the origins, contexts, and universal principles underlying the development of human thought processes and modes of thinking throughout history.[2][3]
Citations: [1] https://blog.x.company/thinking-science-fictionally-learning-from-asimovs-robot-vision-at-100-8fa482afe776?gi=30ce089e8ea4 [2] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psychohistory_%28fictional_science%29 [3] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foundation_series [4] https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wgSZA3NPpBs [5] https://hackernoon.com/asimov-unknowingly-pioneered-modern-prompt-engineering
emerging discussion regarding AI regulation in individual’s social circles.
as we discussed, some major sociopolitical clusters in this discussion are: AI scientists and ethicists (larger proportion are women) vs. Tech BRos (incl. TESCREAL ideology, motives to hype up systemic risk of LLMs a) as a distraction from their actual harms now to delay relevant regulation, b) hype up their importance so they get more venture capital, which relates back to their ideological motives) vs. policy specialists in regulation - I can find a reference again later linked to a podcast episode I listened to before about AI regulation agenda by an expert in the Obama and Biden admins - regulators are aware of the real public issues involved and at least the top specialists are not distracted by the systemic risks hype as a distraction and delaying strategy).
‘the concern, caring, andsignificance the individual attaches to the attitude object– the issue in question’
is this at the level of perception or thinking? or belief? reflective or intuitive belief?
emotional framing
There are so many qualitative differences between satirist and populist emotional framing. I suggest read a bit more about how metaphor cognition works and embodied cognition (it's a huge controversial topic across many academic fields and there's no settled consensus yet, but some possibilities have been ruled out.)
issue salience
on moral orientations vs. salience https://blogs.eui.eu/migrationpolicycentre/persuading-people-on-immigration-is-hard-but-heres-what-can-be-done/?source=post_page-----18a7a13db901--------------------------------
How does the source of a populist message (satirist versus politician) regarding AI regulationinfluence citizens' activism intentions?
My first impression about this is that there are so many unmentioned likely confounding variables in the background. I know that's always more or less inevitable, but in the final version I'd need more convincing that this is a reasonable simplification and the omitted potential confounding variables aren't too worrying.
Artificial Intelligence is an emerging technology that’s being discussed across the medialandscape on a daily-basis. Thus, citizens’ opinions are also being molded at this pace. Newsmedia, social media, political elites, and satirists play an essential role in shaping the stance thatcitizens are taking regarding the regulation of Artificial Intelligence
There's a lof ot complexity packed in here. Currently most of the hype and buzz is about one sort of AI, LLM models, but that's really only one of many kinds of learning algorithms, and underlying learning algorithms there are many different kinds of data strutures or ontologies for machine learning or machine assisted learning. There's also manipulative and misleading discussion about this from big commercial AI companies, both because of their political ideologies and their profit motives. This is a really interesting topic but I think this is currently the biggest risk for your Theoretical Framework to really make sense. .
what differentiates both actors is not simply the ‘label’ of politician versus satirist, but theperceived source of credibility and trust that citizens attach to such actors.
Another important difference is that most satirists don't target or scapegoat politically marginalised out-groups. On 'scapegoating' https://girardianlectionary.net/learn/girard-on-scapegoat/ (it's not exactly true as Girard claims that the sublimation of sacrifice to having an internalised meaning is unique to Christianity, e.g. the Upanishads did analogous recontextualisation and internalisation of Vedic sacrifices.)
Politicalsatire is on the rise
How do you know this?
can freely share their stand on social debates without being gatekept by thestandards upheld by traditional mass media
Its true that anyone can express themselves on social media, but equity in communication is really lacking just as much as in the old radio, tv, newspapers ('legacy') sort of media. In actual fact the network structures of legacy and social media are not as different as the marketing spin from commercial social media companies: they're both few-to-many. I heard this point from Marc Smith in a webinar last month https://twitter.com/AEJMC_PRD/status/1750940426385957104
Populism fundamentally revolves around the moraland causal division between the ordinary citizens as the ‘good’ in-groups, and others as ‘evil’out-groups (Hameleers & Schmuck, 2017).
This is assuming the modern post-2008 contextual usage meaning, but historically the first usage was in 1892 USA the 'American People's Party', and in that case they weren't really making a manicheanesque sort of division between in-group and scapegoated outgroups, they were genuinely criticising actual facts about elite corruption, nepotism, unjust exploitation of workers, etc. and they had practical demands (the 'Ocala Demands', after a conference at Ocala) which would have made a real positive difference to the working poor. I suggest this is really different from the sort of populist movements and leaders we're talking about post-2008 or post-2016.
Populism is gaining traction worldwide, with social media, playing a significant role indisseminating populist ideologies throughout society. On platforms like X, ordinary citizens aswell as politicians can freely share their stand on social debates without being gatekept by thestandards upheld by traditional mass media.
Linkage from media ecological changes or new affordances and populism spreading globally. I find this very plausible but I recommend clarifying exactly how you think it works and comparing theoretical perspectives on how media technological transitions influence political discourse and community formation. I can share some references on this.
the campist left’s imagination
the contemporary far-right conspiracist imaginary
I would like to explore more how this sort of imagination works.
I think I read it in something David Hirsh wrote (we disagree on other things) that he suggested why Antisemitism keeps on recurring on the left is partly because of faulty imaginary ontologies. That's a hard concept to communicate beyond academia, but I wish we had a way to communicate it easily because I think it's really important and practical actually. The kind of implicit unconscious assumption of ontological divisions, binaries and hierarchies I think is something which culturally evolved in the societal context of capitalist selection for cultural ideas etc. which legitimise or stabilise their positions and their ability to continue exploiting and dominating. Disproportionate wage differentials within capitalist societies and extracting natural resources and exploiting labour in 'former' colonies necessarily require some people and some countries to be impoverished, and that requires culturally explaining away and solidifying as tho it's natural. I suspect that's where the binary and hierarchical form of imaginary ontology comes from, and even before the particular Western form of capitalism, more generally it's a sort of intra-specific parasitic strategy, like slave-making ants evolved sympatrically within and then beyond eusocial ant colonies.
It's not obvious to me that 'left' is a helpful construct. Afaiu it originates from the French National Assembly building's architecture, but we might possibly better have chosen the Athenian Pnyx as the environmental basis for an imaginary ontology of political space, which wouldn't support replicating 'left-right' reductionism or campism. .
Another dimension of the sort of imaginary ontologies which lead to Antisemitism is the time dimension. A preoccupation with protology more than a good eschatology. The latter is a relation of understanding with a possible and desirable future (or a range of possibilities) that we must remember in order to strategically work backwards from to the present. This is also further discussed in Zizioulas https://politicaltheology.com/in-memoriam-metropolitan-john-d-zizioulas-and-the-journey-of-theology-toward-the-future/#_ftnref2 An obsession with protology perhaps goes along with distancing causality and culpability for the state of the present, and as Jews were before Christian or Muslim civilisations, it's perhaps easier to distance the blame for the faults of our societies in the present onto almost prehistoric scapegoats than to accept our collective guilt and responsibility to the future.
Accommodation with Islamism While parts of the left (especially in Europe and the Americas, but also in other regions of the world) have a long history of anti-Muslim racism (which returned to the forefront during the Syrian war, as sections of the left used the language of the war on terror to demonise the revolution), in the period after the Second Intifada and 9/11, the campist worldview described above has led many on the left to see Islamism as a progressive, even revolutionary, force relative to hegemonic western imperialism. This is, unfortunately, a global phenomenon. Most leftists in South West Asia and North Africa (SWANA), though, confronted more directly with Islamism’s reactionary politics than leftists in other parts of the world, have no such illusions; quite the contrary. Leftists from outside SWANA should listen to them.
I'm not fully convinced by this part, because of what's omitted more than what's there.
Actual prevailing main forms of Islamism are not the only possibilities for Muslims to engage politically and draw on their religious tradition for moral reasoning or even to reference where their ideas come from in public. I think we should recognise that Muslims have just as much right to do so as Jews and Christians, but also how we do so should be judged fairly by reasonably universal human standards, not as tho claiming a religious source of ideas exempts us from being reasonable and fair to each other.
It also omits how much Jewish and Christian Humanist philosophies eventually got incorporated into what we now practice as 'secular' constitutional law and legal philosophy, as I explained and referenced more in the twitter thread.
There certainly were and still are many reactionary forms of Christian groupings engaging in politics and using 'religion' as a stick to bash other people over the head with. I think around the time when modern Western style democratic states first emerged or were struggling to emerge from civil society, the reactionary misuses of religion were more prevalent than the humanistic interpretations and usages. Why that changed I guess is more related to the environment changing than because of anything essential to religious cultures vs other sorts of cultures. E.g. you can see that even atheism can become reactionary and chauvinist, and quasi-religiously bigoted against all versions of religion of all other communities, as if having the same label means they're all the same thing.
The whole systematic versions which eventually got incorporated into secular constitutional legal philosophy in democratic states were largely translated into naturalistic language, and I suggest they did so in order to make it reasonably universally accessible and to convince people freely and fairly rather than imposing it violating personal primacy of conscience. I.e. the means of convincing people is integrally linked to the end of salvation.
I also experience that there's a prejudice common among people who are not religiously literate (they only have a superficial acquintance with the terms and symbols) and especially if they've experienced traumas which were relate do instrumentalisation of religious symbols to legitimise abuse, such that if I mention anything explicitly linked to a religious tradition, instantly hairs go up on their back and they're poised for fight or flight. It's understandable and I sympathise with the traumatisation linked with religious abuse, but it's really unfair to generalise that much.
Interestingly there seems to be quite a big exception culturally for religious allusions in poetry - most cases don't get labelled 'religious' and cut off from the general public sphere and assigned to only a private particular group interest. This I guess depends on poets not abusing this privilege of humanistic interpretation of religious allusions in poetry.
The privatisation of religious references in public politics especially more so by 'leftists' tends to leave this area of human life undefended and allows the reactionary far-right to almost monopolise the usage and abuse of religion, which reinforces the prejudice that it has to be so.
“multipolar” world
Another thing I notice is not here is any comment on the fact that the globalisation of the information space means formerly 'national' information spaces' boundary conditions are liquifying, the paradigm of nation-states constituting internationalism predicts and explains and enables us to respond rationally and strategically to the world less and less now, but we still don't have tools or environments in which most people can see the digital territory they're in, orientate themselves relative to others sociopolitically - realistically and directly, not relying on others' secondary representations about the social structuring of relations in the digital multimedia environment, and it's impossible for most people to even imagine the space realistically let alone navigate. It's like global civil society is in the global hybrid war* without a map, so we have no hope of seeing bigger or whole patterns or planning over longer timescales, and as there's on structural supports for collective memory, all the big commercial social media basically train us to forget over about a two week cycle, so we're debilitated from imagining possible and desirable futures with more historical depth and breadth of comparisons.
I'm also concerned people who don't read so carefully might confuse multipolarity as a fact with multipolarism as an ideology which is currently constructed by and serves the Kremlin mainly. It doesn't have to be so - multipolarism could mean multiple completely different things, but currently it's mainly associated with Dugin.
*Global hybrid war - imo this is actually quite a bimodally distributed global network of two main clusterings of clusters, the fossil capital and authoritarian regimes network vs. the relatively but imperfectly (and worsening) democratic states and more fundamentally democratic civil society networks. I believe democratic values and social practices emerge naturally first in the sort of beyond-the-family scale of social relationships which we now call civil society or communities of mutual aid, or maybe majlis. I think civil society is primary for democracy and state institutions which conform to democratic values are secondary, and they emerge consistently in accord with democratic values to the extent that they're constrained to be so by civil society being more powerful in network terms than the state or market networks. So I believe that expanding and strengthening civil society networks globally is ultimately a more reliable way to progress according to our values towards possible and desirable futures than trying to renew the 'left'. I think one of the most important prerequisites for that is mapping tools so that people can see the digital environments they're in and not be blindsided by exploitative manipulation strategies so much, and more able to see and think about whole systems and socially coordinate strategically. More powerful in network terms is explored some more in https://necsi.edu/complexity-rising-from-human-beings-to-human-civilization-a-complexity-profile I think it means an optimal balance between degree centrality and betweenness centrality across the sub-network and an optimal balance between specialisation of social functions (one meaning of 'hierarchy') and distributedness - if too much distriutedness and collective decision-making is too inefficient to respond adaptively in time and if too much specialisation/ hierarchy and collective decision-making is too inaccurate relative to the social environment and the whole collective will collapse soon.
Nations are social constructs, which function in part to mask exploitations and oppressions within the nation, such as class, gender, race, and others, in the name of a unitary “national interest.” Our long term goal is a free association of all human beings, that is, a world without nations, in which ethnic identifications have become secondary. However, transcending nationhood is hard to conceive of in a world in which people are oppressed, occupied, and sometimes massacred on the basis of their national background.
I agree with this but I think I would add a link to layers of the balance between social relatedness and individual autonomy, like in the SASB 3D interpersonal circumplex model of levels of relationships (SASB is a psychotherapy theory) and how they tend to pattern-match between layers in the person or in social groups, even if people aren't aware of that themselves - again, like my point about imaginary ontologies as a basic vector of enculturation which people are usually unconscious of having internalised as perceptual schemata. Personally I find Zizioulas philosophy of communion and otherness the clearest, but it is in quite hard language for most people I guess and some people would be triggered by the bits of theistic language in it.
the political system is presented as the domain or battlefield of individual actors and little insight is given to more fundamental power structures (Bennett, 1996: 51).
and maybe particularly disproportionality of representation or gerrymandering of voting districts.
roughly one-third of people surveyed have dropped a legacy news sourcebecause of declining quality
I've done this with NYT and Guardian - I occasionally read them but don't subscribe or read them starting from their own homepages anymore, just when they appear in my social media feeds.
The liberal model, applying to the United States,Ireland, Canada, and to some extent the United Kingdom (but see Aalberg, Van Aelst, &Curran, 2010), is characterized by the near-zero levels of political parallelism, with a strongnorm of balanced coverage and providing “information.”
WHAT?? lol
efficacy beyond deprivation
collective self-efficacy vs. collective learned helplessness but actually a false sense of collective self-efficacy - or is it actually effective, altho in an anti-democratic values direction?
related affordance of a persistent and pervasive awareness of communitylinks up to the centrality of comparisons of the self to others in social identity theory(Tajfel and Turner 1986).
but current social media platforms don't enable ordinary users to see the social graphs behind the representations they do see.
the combination of an anti-elitist identity cue and an anti-immigrant cue does not elicit stronger effects
given that they have so much error variation because there are so many variables and it's such a divese and complex system they're trying to measure, it's not entirely convincing that the P<0.05 criterion is appropriate, nor to conclude that a statistically non-significant result means that there is not effect
we manipulated the presence and absence of two out-groups – the political elite and immigrants – in contrast to the presence of the national in-group (heartland)
potential for harm from this experimental manipulation? pre-inoculate or debrief participants about the manipulation?
Table 3.1
The differences between traditional and new media environments
Fe-males have been shown to be higher in disgust sensitivity thanmales, probably as a defensive function of immunosuppressionduring parts of the reproductive cycle
androgens are also slightly immunosuppressive, so males showing interest in disgust stimuli could be a way of signalling immunocompetence despite exposure to pathogens.
public service announcements, and non-commercial advertising,
why, if they also contained humour? E.g. the British Police 'Tea and Consent' video.
commercials
why would you expect this sample to validly generalize to all humour or to all audiovisual mediated humour?
conceptual model
implicit variables: gossiper or target of gossip (bully or bullied) transactional management as another source of social conflict stress on the bullied rate of turnover of staff and costs of recruitment.
we have observed that in adding COVID-19-related words to our hedonometer’s lexicon, the instrument’s performance sensibly improved [53], better resolving the collective, durable trauma of the world’s awareness of the pandemic.
example of the dataset's non-representativeness of stable emotional essential meanings over time - and that emotional essential meaning can be manipulated using current events as material for narratives.
Hypothesis 5 (H5):
this one seems the most interesting so far.
The retweet network of the activism discourse.
network of tweets coded as 'activism discourse' less evenly distributed, more clustered around high degree-centrality nodes.
ure 3. The retweet network of the networked acknowledgment discourse.
This is an unusually more distributed and less centralized network structure.
lifestyles, grievances, and engage with issues without having to adhere to a group identity orideology
dubious distinction. why should 'collective action' imply identification with a common identity or ideology?
we also found that the average retweet was about three retweets per tweet, meaning that the number of audiences of these tweets is probably, on average, triple the initial number of audiences.
this is unlikely to be true given how recommendation / filtering algorithms work.
These users also linked their mental illnesses to reactions they received from people around them, such as not being believed and feeling threatened.
ELM theory - the interpretations of others are important for the focal individual's interpretation and action on it.
The codes were fear (i.e., victims’ general fear of the assault and fear of others’ perception of the sexual assault), lack of support (i.e., victims’ perceived lack of support from others on the sexual assault), unsuccessful report (i.e., victims reported sexual assault to friends or families but were not believed or handled), police issue (i.e., victims reported sexual assault to police but experienced issues with the police), lack of evidence (i.e., victims did not have evidence against the perpetrator and hence did not report), victimization at a young age (i.e., victimization happened at a young age), perpetration by close family, friends or partners (i.e., victimization was caused by a close family member, a friend or a romantic partner), power of perpetrator (i.e., victims’ description of the authority or power of the perpetrator), self-blame (i.e. victims blaming themselves for the sexual assault), confusion or uncertainty of the situation (i.e. victims feeling unsure about whether the incidents were sexual assault), and encouraging social actions (i.e. tweets that specifically and explicitly promote public understanding using their own sexual assault experiences).
core results section.
Average number of comments (M = 1.08; SD = 7.39; range = 0–149), shares (M = 1.92; SD = 19.00; range = 0–413), and likes (M = 9.32; SD = 53.35; range = 0–1026) indicated that these tweets retrieved in this study were discussed and circulated
actually these are pretty low means, average about 1-2, likes about 10. not sure it does indicate that on average they were discussed and circulated.
tweets that did not involve victims’ disclosure (i.e. not related to our research question, n = 658)
that's a pretty major cut of the dataset. potentially risky for external validity.
I have no doubt that, if the attack on Dr. Ford was as bad as she says, charges would have been immediately filed with local Law Enforcement Authorities by either her or her loving parents
21 September 2018.
because the platform, gathering people who share similar concerns, provides victims with support and care that they may not get elsewhere
strength in numbers, but also, and not mentioned, they're not physically present in the same space as their potential abusers or abettors of abuse, so they are physically not at risk, directly at least, when they communicate in a social media environment.
#MeToo and the promise and pitfalls of challenging rape culture through digital feminist activism
main points: 1) two time periods and two distinct movements, 2014 and 2017, but no clear separation between datasets about each. 2) parasociality is a main theme, with both good and bad. 3) unaccounted for labour and the trauma of advocacy for founders, organizers and participants is an issue with social media communication as it's currently conceived.
limitations: didn't compare other social media platforms, didn't analyse time dimension or comparisons between the 2014 and 2017 movements. not really clear what the sampling time period was and that's critical for interpreting results to answer the question about interplay between different communication environments. also methodologically, saying when the tweets were published doesn't necessarily mean that at the time point when data were collected by scraping the public API that the same range of tweets were available - sometimes people delete their own tweets, and bot-nets usually mass delete their own tweets after about 24hrs to make detection and enforcement against automated manipulation harder.
Some engaged in ‘digilante’ (digital vigilante, see Jane, 2017) tactics, for example finding out the school attended by teen boys sexually harassing someone on Twitter and threatening to contact the boys’ headteacher to report their activity.
interaction between interpersonal and social media environments.
Thirty-three per cent of the survey respondents were teenagers attending school, who argued Twitter provided knowledge and opportunities for learning and dialogue that school could not
very interesting comparison of interpersonal vs. digital social media's social dynamics.
‘calling out’ practices
relates to ELM theory - the interpretation of messages or signals depends on how others respond to them, so if abusive behaviours are called out, others will see and will elaborate on their meaning differently and then act differently. also relates to agendamelding, individual and social interpretation of different messages from different media, part of agenda setting theory.
[Twitter] creates a safe space to explore new ideas.
this may depend on 'strength in numbers', and that strength in numbers may only occur when social + mass media combine to make a movement. Also, twitter may really have changed since the time when this study was done, so, even without the lack of 2014 comparisons, their results may not extrapolate to now validly.
respondents identified overwhelmingly positive aspects of using Twitter to communicate their feminist views with much wider audiences than their immediate social circles.
that was their experience at that time point when both social and mass media processes combined, but it may not really mean what the authors concluded that social media alone would have produced that effect and experience for the participants. A logical way to test this would have been to compare what those who only experienced the previous movement in 2014 and what they experienced about the balance of positive to negative effects of social media.
engaging in feminist debate on Twitter is still understood as easier than discussing feminist views in real life, which further illustrates how important digital platforms are in providing spaces to develop both individual and collective feminist consciousness, and to find and maintain support for feminist views.
movement building or community recruitment through the phenomenon variously referred to as parasociality or the hyperpersonal perspective, etc. is easier on social media.
Survey participants were recruited through our own Twitter networks, generating 46 responses (including four self-defined feminist men).
convenience sampling, but rich qualitative data.
‘weightiness’ of the work and how at times they had to take breaks, limit what they take on, and in some cases, walk away, even if only for a short time.
aka. 'the trauma of activism'
analysing over 800 pieces of digital content, including blog posts, tweets and selfies, we collected the views of 82 girls, women and some men around the world, including organizers of various feminist campaigns, and those who have contributed to them
content analysis and interviews
Surely, it would be terrible if bullying were an insoluble problem
Conflation of supposed cause and effect with no evidence for the nexus.
The question remains, who will ultimately fight for the introduction of school uniforms? The school boards could substantiate the decision, but the actual implementation of the measure requires one to dare to abandon years of policy. In this respect, it would be a good idea if in education, heads of school would not stay on for more than five years or so. A head of school with a fresh look is essential to recognise group processes in schools and address them. However, that is for another day.
Argument in this paragraph overall seems to be about feasibility, but feasibility is not necessarily logically relevant to a normative judgement.
Opponents that deny this cannot substantiate their claim in any way.
Unsubstantiated and probably untrue.
all forms of bullying may have their origin in inequality through wearing different clothes
literally nonsense. the author has said above that cultural and socioeconomic status differences can be shown through clothes, but this statement is claiming the reverse - that clothes cause inequality.
Learning difficulties and lack of mathematical knowledge are more important, but in spite of the fact that there is famine in the world, we still build roads.
Implication seems to be that they are different levels of problems - uniform is easier to solve than provision for special learning needs and difficulties with maths, so the implication seems to be that referring to ultimately more important but harder to solve problems is not a valid prioritization against a relatively trivial but easier to solve problem, or a factor which indirectly contributes to problems.
In a news poll in 2004, only a small majority of viewers voted against the school uniform.
Irrelevant, and a poor quality evidence source to refer to.
A liberal can be against implementing school uniforms and a socialist can promote them.
Irrelevant.
Remarkably, age, gender, wealth and political preferences have no part in this discussion.
Unsubstantiated and no argumentation for why this is relevant.
This is proof that that school uniforms should be introduced into all schools in the Netherlands to help reduce bullying.
No it is not proof of causal connection! there are so many possible alternative causal factors, especially that there is probably less cultural diversity and socioeconomic diversity in rural areas than in urban areas.
Nowhere does this lead to problems.
unsubstantiated. common practice is not logical evidence for the claim that it doesn't lead to problems.
Dobrin / The Hashtag in Digital Activism: A Cultural Revolution 8 / 14 © 2020 by Author/s vocabulary. Imitating the language preponderantly used by #MeToo critics in the backlash, journalist Laurie Penny (2018) talks about “another fallen soldier in the sex wars” and “the feminazi #MeToo hive-vagina” to prove the point that while men are described through a warfare lexicon, women’s ideals are framed as an ideology. The abuser is presented losing the ‘sex wars’, a concept evocative of feminist debates used to designate the ongoing tensions between men and women’s approaches to sexuality. Women accusers are called ‘feminazi’, applying the pure race ideology to the feminine gender and hyperbolizing the oppression of men at the hands of women. The ‘hive-vagina’ term discredits the collectivity of the movement by reducing it to a mock group-mind driven by female sexual desires. This image of a normative mentality alienates women from the reality of their experiences and discourages identification. Yet the mediatic focus on women in the #MeToo narrative, be it supportive or antagonistic, has also shaped a key mythical element: the collective. The phrases ‘a Twitter mob of thousands’, ‘hit squad of privileged young white women’, ‘a sisterhood of women sticking together [..] feminist camp’ are suggesting the collective nature of #MeToo as a sign of the movement’s potency and unity. Similar to the men-women binary opposition, the collective of women is framed as dominating in numbers and visibility compared to the abusers. Despite an existing bias against women coming from a reticence to give full validation to such a sudden portrayal of female power, the media coverage has nevertheless managed to turn the initial minority of sexual harassment victims into a majority, influencing the public perception of the movement.
this part seems relatively more empirically reasonable and less just literary aesthetic performance.
detachment of #MeToo accusations
parasociality?
the persistents can be optimistic or pessimistic about activism, but disregard digital technology as significant for its functioning
I suspect this isn't an accurate summary.
Optimist theorists support digital activism for its technological potential in uniting dispersed groups of people under one cause, allowing them to push for collective action more effectively than in the past (Shirky, 2008). By enabling efficient communication between grassroots and institutional groups, it helps shape public expression and build awareness on social issues, directly benefiting democracy (Karatzogianni, 2016). Critics, however, see digital activism as online support lacking real change in what is called ‘slacktivism’ or ‘clicktivism’ (Anschuetz, 2015). They criticise it for favouring a detached position of the user from the reality of the social problems and for relying extensively on stories that struggle to drive meaningful action. Finally, the persistents can be optimistic or pessimistic about activism, but disregard digital technology as significant for its functioning. They view the future of activism as a blend of digital and offline practices, dependent on the ability of activists to leverage the digital tools’ effectiveness (Hill, 2013).
compare to Schonbach's Myths
Fornasier has learned about the dynamics of opinion forming within a group. His model shows that it is relatively easy to steer the thinking of individuals who are part of a group in a certain direction. “There is also a good model for this in nature,” according to Fornasier. “To drive a herd of sheep in a desired direction, a good herding dog will always concentrate on the animal that is farthest from the group. They achieve their goal by reining in the most stubborn animal.” When it comes to opinion forming in groups, it is also simply a matter of reining in the most ardent supporters of the views that go against the desired consensus. The rest of the group will then follow. His findings are based on both theoretical results and numerical simulations, which are in turn based on opinion-forming models like those developed by the philosopher Rainer Hegselmann and the mathematician Ulrich Krause. What these say about opinion formation is that every group member adapts their opinion in line with those of the rest of the group in increments of time. Fornasier and his colleagues are able to describe this alignment process using ordinary and partial differential equations. “Since all group members have their own opinion at the beginning, it is important that all agents share their information and points of view,” he says of the principle. The consensus building happens in this process. This can only happen, however, if there is not too much separation. A
he primary storyteller of the modern environment
Still? or does the writer just think so because they're a boomer and their world hasn't changed since 1978?
research objective