In agrarian societies, most economic activity was concentrated in farming and manual labour, where productivity depended more on land, physical effort, and traditional knowledge than on formal education. Since only a small fraction of the population was required for non-agricultural roles, such as administration, record-keeping, or trade, a mass education system focused on universal mastery was unnecessary.

Economic returns (what do I gain?) = all measurable economic benefits. 1 Direct Monetary returns 2. Employment stability and options (Higher chances of getting a job, ability to switch and negotiate, less fear of losing job, access to better quality work) 3. Productivity and lifetime earning capacity - simply means that within the job either directly through the nature of the job, or buy time to progress outside of your job but make sure to become more productive and gain skills such that it does not only bring you money for the current year but also increases your chances of earnings for your lifetime. 4. Economic returns also encapsulates better health, financial literacy, mobility, and networks (access to opportunities)

Social returns (What do we gain?) What does a society gain when an individual is well educated? 1. Public health improvements Education changes the decision quality of people. Basic literacy helps deepen understanding about importance of hygiene, medical instructions, etc.

1. Social order and safety Education helps people control their impulses and improves conflict-resolution skills, improves understanding about consequences and drives a way to lawful income paths and gives confidence to engage with any kind of institutions.

2. Civic and democratic participation Basic pollical literacy and critical thinking - ability to think beyond immediate self interest.

3. Intergenerational human capital Educated parents talk more with children using good vocab, they themselves value schooling and intervene early when learning gaps appear.

4. Social cohesion and equality Education creates a common language. Not only linguistically but also creates common ways in which people can understand each other's reasoning. Common base = numbers, terms, concepts, and some std. ways and ref. to explain things.

Education brings about social mobility meaning a person's ability to move beyond social and economic status that they are born into - Education does not erase inequality but weakens the link between birth = destiny

What does it actually mean when a bank “puts money into a sector”?

Banks don’t usually give money. They finance things. That happens in a few main ways:

1. Loans

Banks lend money to companies. Example: An oil company wants to drill a new field → the bank gives a loan.

If the bank says no, that project often can’t happen (or becomes much more expensive).

1. Underwriting bonds and shares

Big companies raise money by issuing:

bonds (debt)

shares (equity)

Banks act as the middlemen who:

design the deal

sell it to investors

take a fee

If a bank refuses to underwrite a coal or oil expansion, that company loses easy access to capital markets.

1. Project finance

This is very direct. Banks fund specific projects like:

coal mines

LNG terminals

pipelines

No bank finance → no project.

1. General corporate finance

Even if money isn’t tied to a single oil well, banks provide:

credit lines

working capital

refinancing

This keeps fossil fuel companies alive and growing.

So… can banks really choose NOT to fund fossil fuels?

Yes. And many already do — selectively.

Banks set internal policies, for example:

“We will not finance new coal projects”

“We will stop funding Arctic drilling”

“We will only fund companies with transition plans”

These are choices, not laws of nature.

Then why do banks say “it’s complicated”?

Because of three real-world pressures:

1. Profit

Fossil fuels still make money. Oil and gas companies are:

large

politically powerful

seen as “safe” borrowers

Banks are profit-driven institutions.

1. Energy demand today

The world still runs on fossil fuels. Banks argue: “If we stop financing now, energy prices spike and economies suffer.”

There’s some truth here — but it’s also used as a convenient excuse to delay change.

1. Competition

If Bank A stops funding fossil fuels, Bank B might step in. So banks fear: “We’ll lose business, but emissions won’t go down.”

This is why collective action matters — not individual PR pledges.

So what’s the core criticism in reports like Banking on Climate Chaos?

Not that banks should:

shut off fossil fuels overnight

But that they:

publicly promise climate action

privately fund expansion of fossil fuels

Especially:

new oil and gas fields

long-life infrastructure that locks emissions in for decades

That’s the hypocrisy the report is calling out.

Upwind means on the side the wind is coming from.

If the wind is blowing West → East

Upwind = West side (where the wind starts)

Downwind = East side (where the wind goes)

So an upwind wind farm hits the wind first, creates a wake, and a downwind wind farm can receive slower/turbulent air.

Wind theft = “upwind farm steals your wind” (not literally). It’s the nickname for when one wind farm sits upwind and reduces the wind energy available to another farm downwind, cutting its power output.

Wake effect = the physics behind it. A turbine pulls energy out of the air, so behind it there’s a wake: wind is slower and more turbulent. With big offshore arrays, those wakes can merge and stretch far enough to reach other projects.

Why you should care: power (and money) drops fast. Wind power is very sensitive to wind speed, so even “small” wake slowdowns can mean meaningful generation losses, which becomes a financing + revenue + ROI problem.

Why it’s getting worse now. Offshore wind is scaling up and clusters are getting denser, so the chance that one project’s wake overlaps another project is rising—especially in busy seas.

Countries/examples mentioned. The article points to UK disputes, and a cross-border example where a planned farm in Norway could impact a farm in Denmark; it also flags potential future disputes involving UK vs Netherlands/Belgium/France.

What the “fix” looks like (not one magic lever). Better planning/spacing, better wake modelling in approvals, and clearer rules/agreements on how to handle cross-farm impacts—so projects don’t end up in endless developer vs developer fights.

“Here” = accepting that the old story might not come back.

Again, not a physical place — a different way of orienting yourself.

Life may get materially harder

Stability isn’t guaranteed

Growth may stop or reverse

Climate shocks are normal, not exceptional

Community matters more than status

“There” = the world we were trained to believe in.

It’s not a physical place. It’s a mindset + system.

Go to school → get a good job → keep climbing

Growth is always good

Convenience = progress

Politics can fix things eventually

If you work hard enough, life will improve

Most of daily life still runs on this logic:

mortgages

careers

productivity

status

resumes

elections as salvation

You can’t opt out of There.

There is the normal world we all still operate in—jobs, bills, career, elections, productivity. Here is the part of me that’s accepted that the old ‘everything keeps getting better’ story might not come back, so I’m trying to build a more grounded life: community, skills, relationships, resilience

There as playing a game you know is ending

Here as learning skills for the next game

Collapse awareness is the mental shift from:

“Things are broken, but they’ll probably be fixed soon”

to:

“Some things may not be fixed, and I should plan my life accordingly”

Bus Bulbs

Reforms brought in Engineering + Enforcement + Policy + Data + Equity → System changes that prevent harm rather than punish behavior

System design is the process of defining a system’s architecture, components, interfaces, and interactions in a structured way so the whole system meets its goals and requirements.

Put another way:

it’s planning how parts fit and work together, not just building them;

it creates a blueprint showing how elements communicate, behave, and support the system’s purpose;

it ensures the system will perform, scale, and remain reliable as conditions change.

System design is about setting constraints, incentives, and feedback so that any reasonable behavior leads to acceptable outcomes — without prescribing each individual action.

Design the conditions, not the conduct.

New vocabulary

1. Performative confidence - (looking the part rather than trying to learn to be a part, basically projecting self assurance and confidence to gain external validation, and hide shortcomings)
3. Viscerally - feeling something deeply and instinctively, like in your "gut," rather than through logical thought

**Summary ** 1) This isn’t nostalgia — it’s a structural change in childhood space

The essay argues that across history and cultures, kids have naturally carved out autonomous zones (streets, empty lots, forests, corners of towns) where they own time and space away from adults. That’s not a random pattern — it’s deeply human behavior. The Browser

The disappearance of these spaces isn’t just kids playing less. It’s a loss of a psychological environment where children make sense of the world on their own terms.

Insight: It reframes the problem from “kids spend more time inside” to “children are being structurally excluded from public life,” not by kids’ choices, but by how adult society is organized.

2) The cause is more built environment + social patterns than screens

The author pushes back against the common idea that the internet is the big culprit. Instead, he points to car-dependent suburbs, families spread far apart, and modern work patterns (parents not at home, schedules tightly managed), making free interaction physically harder. aman.bh

Insight: Technology is a symptom of isolation, not the root cause. The real bottlenecks are:

towns designed without gathering places

kids physically separated from peers

reliance on cars over walking/biking

3) Modern “play” is not truly play

There’s a distinction made between:

Structured activities (sports practice, classes with adults)

Unstructured peer play (kids deciding what to do, how to do it, together)

The latter is what’s disappearing. Organized activities fill time, but don’t create the same kind of autonomy and peer culture that spontaneous play does. aman.bh

Insight: If all your child’s social interactions are planned by adults, the dynamic changes — it becomes supervision, not co-participation.

4) Internet/online spaces are a child-managed arena

One reason kids gravitate online is because it’s one of the only unsupervised social spaces left. They aren’t free in the physical world, so they find agency where adults are less present (forums, chats, games). The Browser

New angle: The internet isn’t the cause of isolation — it’s a response to it. Kids go where they can control interactions without adult oversight.

5) The core issue isn’t “kids vs screens” — it’s where childhood autonomy can exist

This reframes the whole debate from blaming technologies to asking:

Where in the modern city can children act independently?

And the answer the essay hints at is: almost nowhere — so kids create their own spaces, even if imperfect.

Insight: Autonomy isn’t earned by limiting devices. It’s earned by restoring real-world environments where children can make choice, risk, negotiation, and friendship happen without adult orchestration.

6) Play functions as a designed culture, not an activity

When the essay references he “wishes children had forests,” he’s pointing to a deeper truth: What matters isn’t a physical object (forest) — it’s the freedom to explore, innovate, and improvise with peers.

Insight: Play loses value when it’s designed by adults for kids (e.g., programs, classes) and gains value when it’s designed by kids for themselves.

7) This problem isn’t just a “kids issue” — it’s a community design failure

The commentary makes it clear that the conditions limiting play — distance, traffic fears, suburban sprawl — are not random. They’re outcomes of how cities and societies organize:

roads instead of paths

fences instead of common spaces

schedules instead of unstructured time

Insight: If you want kids to have autonomy, you have to change the adult world — it’s not something kids can generate on their own.

We removed tools before removing dangers

71% haven’t used a sharp knife. 63% haven’t built anything outside.

These aren’t random activities. They teach:

• cause and effect

• respect for tools

• spatial reasoning

• responsibility

Instead of teaching how to handle danger, we tried to delete danger.

But danger didn’t disappear — it just moved:

• from knives → pornography

• from forts → anonymous chats

• from scraped knees → psychological harm

We eliminated the training ground, not the threat.

**Exposure ≠ agency **

Exposure without agency creates:

• anxiety

• dependency

• performative confidence (looking the part rather than trying to learn to be a part, basically projecting self assurance and confidence to gain external validation, and hide shortcomings)

low real-world resilience

You’re seeing kids who know about the world but don’t know how to move in it.

We didn’t make childhood safer. We made it less formative.

Kids now:

encounter adult-level content early

but reach adult-level independence late

That gap is the story.

Kids are independent in the digital world before the physical one.

That flips the historical order. Earlier generations learned:

• physical world → social norms → abstract/digital spaces

Now it’s:

• abstract/digital spaces → simulated interaction → limited real-world agency

This matters because:

**Digital spaces forgive mistakes cheaply

Physical spaces teach consequences viscerally**