The Protestant . . alities thereby ending the id ea o aesta nt and Catholic kingdoms a~d pr:~:a seri~s of religious wars during theuniversal Christia n state. It culm_mat;h E rope that emerged from thes e warssixteenth and seventeenth centuries. e u d them As a result o f the religious. f the E
Europe has had equally violent time periods, if not more violent, than the Middle Eastern governments.
Islamic civilization, Hunting -ton asserted, 1s particularly dangerous because of its propensity for violence(Islam, in Huntington's words, has "bloody borders").
This page highlights the pigeonholing of Muslim communities into violent and incapable leaders of democracy.
he United States once again went to war in thes - ID cte woun ,region , this time to "degrade and destroy" ~e Islami~ ~tate.
During peaceful protest, Americans, despite the heavily anti-Arab sentiment at the time, felt themselves aligned with the Arab citizens -- violent protests once again outcasted Arab people.
Onlookers recorded videoclips of the protests and posted them on the internet, and when the governmentshut down internet service, they sent them directly to al-Jazeera, the most popu-lar satellite television broadcaster in the Arab world. Spurred on by images ofrebellion, the protests spread throughout Tunisia, while Arabs elsewhere watchedthe growing cracks in the edifice of authoritarianism first with astonishment,then admiration. The Arab uprisings of2010-2011 had begun.
The spread of information is never fully stifled by the government and is more powerful than any other method of recruiting protestors. This is similar to the Haitians learning from the French Revolution.
facilitate and regulate human social and religious life.
The ashkhenazi place God ahead of such matters, whereas Christians believe God regulates their every movement.
o describe God as completely transcendent, unchangeable, and therefore removed from any possibility of revelation.
Does this ever change down the line with scientific discovery and things like the theory of evolution? One might assume this can't prevail if it comes from mideivil times
esoteric theology that is sometimes described as mystical
This is similar to the way that Islam is split into their branches; Sufi Islam is primarily mystical as well. I wonder if the Ashkenazis have a different interpretation of the Old Testament than the other groups do.
Many of these secular concerns were also manifested in the world Zionist movement established in 1897 to create a modern Jewish home in the ancient homeland of the Jewish people. Zionism embraced the ideas that a Jewish homeland would serve as a creative center for the revitalization of Jewish cultural values in modern form, that anti-Semitism was a symptom of the abnormality of Jewish life in the Diaspora that could only be cured with Jewish "self-emancipation" made possible by a Jewish commonwealth, and that cooperative farming communities and a vigorous labor movement in the Land of Israel was the expression of a social revolution among the Jewish masses.
Shows that modern zionism came to be because of antisemitism. The Jewish Israelites became not just a religion but a political and nationalist movement as well. Came to fruition at the establishment of the State of Israel.
By the end of the first century CE, or at least by the late second century, after the last of the Jewish revolts against the Romans, rabbinic Judaism crystallized out of the Pharisaic movement, while Christianity became fully separated from the Jewish people.
Shows beginnings of Rabbinic Judaism. emphasizes importance of the Torah. Also marks the split of the first two major monotheistic religions.
When Judah was destroyed by the Babylonians in 586 BCE, the explanation offered was that the idolatry of the past, especially the later kings subservient to Assyria, such as Manasseh, had condemned the people to exile but that God continued to love them and held out a sure promise of redemption
transformed Jewish religious identity - even outside the homeland, the Jewish could remain within the covenant and hold onto their relationship with God
There they entered a binding agreement with their God—a covenant that included a strict prohibition against worshiping other gods
The covenant between God and the Israelites on Mt. Sinai created the beginnings of Judaism as a religion centered around the relationship between God and the people. Shows connection between the Jews and the land.
"We survived many existential moments," said Inbar. "We should be, of course, doing our best not to make mistakes. We are a small nation and we have to behave with prudence."
maybe contradictory to Netanyahu's actions
here would never be a Palestinian state on his watch because of the security threat it would pose. Since 2023, most Israelis agree, according to opinion polls. A poll late last year showed most Palestinians also opposed a two-state solution and don't believe permanent peace is possible.
Racism and the demonization of Muslims
"Without me, there would be no Israel," Trump said at a G7 summit in France on June 16. "Israel would have been blown up a long time ago, had I not gotten involved."
Trump kind of aligning himself with the Israeli government
's never been Israel's doctrine to have an ongoing war, which exhausts Israeli society, exhausts the reservists, exhausts the economy, and dramatically hurts our international standing."
Netanyahu doesn't represent the national state of Israel in an ever-continuing war
separate Black Africa from theArab world--or in more antiquated work, "White" or North Africa
North and West Africa are divided and culturally complex regions, creating problems for colonizers who only view them as "one." Discrimination already exists in Africa.
He suffers a psychic dislocation-no longer fully African or Muslim, andunable to fully assimilate to Frenchness-which eventually kills him.
Assimilation is so mentally and physically taxing, and it is a burden that has been placed on all of the colonies. The colonizers have no regard for this burden
reduced African societies to False and essentialized stereotypes:
European justification of the imposition of their systems -- in this regard to schooling -- inherently dehumanizes the existing customs. That is why medersas are so complex and why the hyphen and distinction are important.
has called the “unlearning” of “the inherent dominative mode.”
regarding the orient as one thing in the way the West does keeps a colonial mindset
West since the 1950s, particularly in the UnitedStates, will have lived through an era of extraordinary turbulencein the relations of East and West. No one will have failed to notehow “East” has always signified danger and threat during thisperiod, even as it has meant the traditional Orient as well asRussia.
vietnam, cold war, etc. raising the orient out of the US shadows of education
a widely in-fluential model of the Oriental woman, she never spoke of herself,she never represented her emotions, presence, or history.
sexist and fetishized stereotype of what an oriental woman looks like that is still upheld in Western culture. Leads to pigeonholing and the perceived right to call a woman out for having a voice.
nd even produce
suggesting Europe's hand in creating nearly everything important in the far East
its cultural contestant,and one of its deepest and most recurring images of the Other.
The "Orient" is so grand and culturally significant that the biggest colonizers understand its power and, though remaining patronizing, believe it a contestant.
Ibn Battuta tells us several times that he was given or purchased slaves.
Example of the commonality of slavery echoed in several different eras of history, existing thousands of years previously and centuries afterward.
Aden charged a tariff or tax on all the goods that came through this port.
Political connections to modern day trade
There was a great deal of intermarriage into the local families by the single Arab men who sought their fortunes along the coast of Africa. In some areas this coastal mingling of languages would finally develop into the language of Swahili which combines elements of Arabic, Bantu, and even some European languages.
Shows many cultural differences between different Islamic countries - these customs are not familiar to a "brother" of Islam, Ibn Battuta. Language connections also show how influential these periods of time were to modern countries in the area.
This was Ibn Battuta's first time at sea travel and he probably wasn't looking forward to it. The Red Sea was not easy to navigate with coral reefs and rocks just under the waterline. Storms were common, as were pirates who waited patiently for ships with rich travelers to rob and kill.
Highlights how dedicated Ibn Battuta was to his travels and the novelty of far travel to this period of time