The ramifications of the slavery debates lingered over another gath-ering, nearly forty years later. In 1998, David Eltis and David Rich-ardson launched a database containing almost thirty thousand Atlanticslave trade voyages.16 Each record in the database represented a differentslave ship. Each field in each record supplied information culled fromthe ship’s original manifest — name of the ship and captain, dates of thevoyage, number of slaves on board, place of slave purchase, and landing.The computational power of the database as technology and tool allowedresearchers to calculate new information about slave ship voyages basedon incomplete records.

Today, the debate surrounding race and incarceration is vast and complex. In 1910, they story was more straightforward, sometimes even more explicit. Even those who debate the role of systemic racism today have to face the obvious fact: we still see the shadow of the undeniable, institutionalized, strategic racism of the 100 years after the Civil War.

Given all this variability, it is simply not possible to count every single visit to every single National Park ever.

Perhaps because President Donald Trump and his administration are actively trying to gut the NPS. In February 2025, Trump fired ~1,000 NPS employees (and has since hired back only a few of them despite two court orders) and also moved to close visitor centers and other facilities. When asked why the NPS would choose not to share their 2024 visit numbers, former National Park Service Director Jonathan Jarvis told SFGATE:

After the film’s release, many of my female colleagues shared stories about their own encounters with the image throughout their careers. When one of the only women this well referenced, respected, and remembered in your field is known for a nude photo that was taken of her and is now used without her consent, it inevitably shapes the perception of the position of women in tech and the value of our contributions.

We’re working in a fairly litigious environment, especially in the publishedmusic area. However, we’ve found that a lot of communities aren’t served verywell by the current publishing industry. Niches of people who live by theirmusic—people who aren’t Madonna or Nirvana—have an interest in gettingtheir music up and out. We made an offer to musical communities to host theirmaterials. We provide unlimited storage, unlimited bandwidth, forever, for free,for those who want to share materials that, broadly defined, belong in a library.Lots of people are taking us up on that offer. They like the longevity of beingarchived. They also like the savings in bandwidth bills.

hey’ve scanned about 20,000 books. Theidea of scanning inside libraries made a lot of sense, so we tried out some robotictechnologies. We found out they weren’t reliable. And they were quite expen-sive.

This screenshot is from GitHub but shows what git tracks (confusing to combine both, but this visual is hopefully helpful!). You can see on the left, I deleted the previous erroneous line, and on the right, is the corrected version. This is a very simple example, but it gives you a sense of how git tracks changes.

hink cd stands for?

Prompt Engineering So far we have been doing a form of prompting, called command prompting, which refers to where we write text commands in the terminal. Oftentimes the command prompt is a symbol that indicates the start of a new command. For example, in Melanie’s example, the command prompt is the $ symbol. This symbol is called a prompt because it prompts you to enter a command. The prompt is followed by a cursor, which is the blinking vertical line that indicates where your next character will appear. Other symbols you might see include #, %, and >.

But it may also be that in an age where every conceivable user interface includes a search function, young people have never needed folders or directories for the tasks they do. The first internet search engines were used around 1990, but features like Windows Search and Spotlight on macOS are both products of the early 2000s. Most of 2017’s college freshmen were born in the very late ‘90s. They were in elementary school when the iPhone debuted; they’re around the same age as Google. While many of today’s professors grew up without search functions on their phones and computers, today’s students increasingly don’t remember a world without them.

The rise of online marketplaces such as Amazon, social media networks, and blogs inthe 2000s created a new environment in which people voluntarily reveal their culturalchoices and preferences: rating books, movies, software, images, videos, and songs;assigning likes and favorites; sharing cultural posts by others; and more. People explain,defend, and debate their cultural preferences, ideas, and perceptions.

I definitely know people who’ve been threatened with lawsuits and the like for excessive downloading.