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supporting.

Wikipedia

supported.

In a persuasive speech, there are some things to consider about evidence.

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In some cases for speeches of policy, no huge problem needs solving. Or, there is a problem, but the audience already knows about it and is convinced that the problem exists and is important. In those cases, a format called “comparative advantages” is used, which focuses on how one possible solution is better than other possible ones.

action step

The challenge or appeal is why this step is called Action. Speakers tell the audience what they should do individually as a result of hearing the speech. The note of finality serves as a strong closing statement.  It leaves the audience reflecting on the presentation.

The summary statement should be a restatement of the preview statement, but in past tense.  Instead of being vague about the solution, it is emphasized in the summary statement.

The brake light is the indication that a speaker is nearing the end.  It is usually demonstrated by phrases like, “In conclusion,…” or “In summary,…”

The sub steps of the “Action” step are: brakelight, summary, challenge/appeal, and note of finality.

Whereas the satisfaction step explains the solution overall, the action step gives concrete, individual ways to begin making the solution happen. 

The solution statement is when the solution or advocated behavior is introduced.

The action step serves as the conclusion. In the action step, the goal is to give specific steps for the audience to take as soon as possible to move toward solving the problem.

Meeting objections gives speakers an opportunity to respond to the potential reservations the audience may ben thinking while listening.  It gives the speaker an opportunity to acknowledge what critics might be thinking and refute those concerns.

The theoretical demonstration shows or explains how the solution meets the criteria from the Need step or has the necessary features.  Practical experience presents an opportunity to show where the solution has proven successful.

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The explanation will detail the solution and how it will work.

Sub steps required for “Satisfaction” are: solution statement, explanation, theoretical demonstration, practical experience, and meeting objections.

A need calls for satisfaction in the same way a problem requires a solution. Not only does the speaker present the solution and describe it, but they must also defend that it works and will address the causes of the problem as well as the symptoms.

Establishing criteria is a persuasive tactic. Speakers outline a few vital features that must be in a solution in order for it to be effective. The speaker does not give away the solution yet, but outlines criteria that a good solution should meet.

Monroe’s Motivated Sequence

Pointing is a clear, direct statement that draws a clear connection between the audience and the topic. As obvious as it may be, speakers need to explicitly tell the audience why they should care about this problem.

The illustration is a real-life instance of the problem’s existence. Ramifications are the side effects and harms of the problem. Ramifications may be a variety of supporting materials that underscore the significance of the problem and its effects.

The problem statement should be a direct statement that focuses on a specific concern or problem that exists.

Specific sub-steps for “Need” are: problem statement, illustration, ramifications (side effects), pointing, and establishing clear criteria (features that should be in an acceptable solution).

Here, the problem is defined and established with evidence.  It is important to make the audience see the severity of the problem, and how it affects them, their family, or their community.

It is not recommended for speakers to give away the solution in most cases in the preview statement.

The preview statement is the roadmap for the presentation. The preview will indicate the problem, that it has negative impacts, and the speaker has a solution. 

If they do not have specific credentials, speakers may establish credibility by dressing nice, making good eye contact,

To complete this outline, along with introduction and conclusion, there would need to be quotations, statistics, and facts with sources provided to support both the pro-arguments in Main Points I-III and the refutation to the misconceptions about animal experimentation in Subpoints A-C under Point IV.

f the speaker has specific credentials or experience with the topic, they should tell the audience about it in the introduction. 

Establishing credibility can be done verbally or nonverbally.

It includes any relevant background information, a self-introduction, and a thesis statement. 

The orientation serves to establish the topic and tone of the presentation. 

The attention getter should be just that,

More specifically, sub-steps under “Attention” are the attention-getter,  the orientation (which includes background information, self-introduction, and thesis), the establishment of credibility, and the preview statement.

preview.

This step looks to the future either positively or negatively. The speaker creates a hypothetical scenario that places each audience member in their own future. If positive, the benefits from enacting or choosing the solution are shown. If negative, the disadvantages of not doing anything to solve the problem are shown. There may be times when it is acceptable to skip this step, especially if time is limited. If a speaker wishes to use both positive and negative scenarios, it is known as the method of contrast. The purpose of visualization is to motivate the audience by revealing future benefits or through fear appeals by showing future harms. The conditions in this situation should be probable and must be a personalized scenario for the audience members. This step requires imagery and vivid language.

the topic.

1. Many people today have concerns about animal experimentation. A. Some believe that all experimentation is equal. 1. There is experimentation for legitimate medical research. 2. There is experimentation for cosmetics or shampoos. B. Others argue that the animals are mistreated. 1. There are protocols for the treatment of animals in experimentation. 2. Legitimate medical experimentation follows the protocols. C. Some believe the persuasion of certain advocacy groups like PETA. 1. Many of the groups that protest animal experimentation have extreme views. 2. Some give untrue representations.

I. The first argument in favor of animal experimentation is the record of successful discoveries from animal research. 1. A second reason to support animal experimentation is that research on humans is limited for ethical and legal reasons. III. Animal experimentation is needed because computer models for research have limitations. 1. Many people today have concerns about animal experimentation. A. Some believe that all experimentation is equal. 1. There is experimentation for legitimate medical research. 2. There is experimentation for cosmetics or shampoos. B. Others argue that the animals are mistreated. 1. There are protocols for the treatment of animals in experimentation. 2. Legitimate medical experimentation follows the protocols. C. Some believe the persuasion of certain advocacy groups like PETA. 1. Many of the groups that protest animal experimentation have extreme views. 2. Some give untrue representations.

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There are some standard questions that you can ask yourself to help you get started in your media criticism and analysis.

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As you think through an online speech,

steps

your evidence supports your claim.

where the information you are using came from

plan how you will effectively present your support orally within your speech. To help you think about using support, we recommend a

are not completely supported individually.

Oral Presentation

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than if they see or hear the information.

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words.

the claims and evidence below the implied warrant:

claim and evidence couplings ask the audience to draw conclusions (warrants) based on insufficient or unrelated evidence.

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fables

most of us have grown up with the story of how Sir Isaac Newton was hit on the head by an apple and developed the theory of gravity.

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Although examples

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If you use an idea, a quotation, paraphrase, or summary that does not belong to you, credit the source. We can’t reiterate it enough: if it is not your idea, you need to tell your audience where the information came from. Giving credit is especially important when your speech includes a statistic, an original theory, or a fact that is not common knowledge.

,

plagiarism not citing information properly is

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Springer

The Colbert Report

Wikipedia

Wikipedia

Wikipedia

Wikipedia

Encyclopedia of 20th Century Architecture, The Encyclopedia of the Zombie: The Walking Dead in Popular Culture and Myth, Listen to Punk Rock!: Exploring a Musical Genre

ncyclopædia Britannica, Wikipedia

he New York Times, the Washington Post, The Los Angeles Times, The Chicago Tribune, The Houston Chronicle, and USAToday, and major international English-language newspapers include The Guardian [London], The Independent [London], and The Irish Times

The Huffington Post, Talkingpoints Memo, The Daily Beast, Salon

Determining Your Needs

Unleashing the Power of PR: A Contrarian’s Guide to Marketing and Communication,

The flip side to this question is,

, or if they do know, will they tell you?

“Research is a method writers, speakers, knowledge makers use to gain knowledge about a topic,

Learn how to solve problems at work, school, and home by developing your competencies as a researcher. Learn how to develop new knowledge and test knowledge claims using informal, qualitative, quantitative, textual, and mixed research methods

, to develop new knowledge, and to create new businesses, new applications.

often breaking

Prepare Well

Practice Out Loud

Minimize What You Memorize

Breathe and Release

Avoid Gimmicks

Visualize Success

Consider what comes into your mind if you are to deliver a public presentation. Are your thoughts consumed with many uncertainties? What if I make a mistake? What if they don’t like what I’m talking about? What if? Try your own version of CR. Put yourself in the role of audience member and ask yourself whether your fears as a speaker are consistent with your expectations as an audience member. Remember that, just like you, the audience wants the speaker to succeed. Of course CR is always easier said than done. It is a process that takes time, patience, and practice. The most important thing to remember is that you are trying CR as a means of breaking a habit, and habits are formed over periods of time, never instantaneously. Breaking a habit can only be accomplished gradually and with deliberate effort. Changing your attitude is only one element in overcoming PSA. The other involves improving your skills as a speaker including diligently preparing for your presentation.

state-anxiety

State-anxiety often stems from fear associated with scrutiny and negative evaluation.

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