HELLP syndrome

Anemia cut-offs are different depending on Trimester

Conteero classification

Therapeutic

Non invasive prenatal testing

If positive amniotic testing and chorionic villi sampling are indicated one after 10 weeks -Contraindicated in twins

Useless for neural tube defect

Complications: Cramping, Bleeding or leaking of amniotic fluid, injury or infection, loss of pregnancy, premature labor, alloimmunization

Can be for NTD

Must be fetal part of the Placenta

Indications: -Positive Combined Test in first trimester -Positive triple and quadruple trimester in second trimester (do amniocentesis) -If sibling has previous chromosomal disorders -In older females

Used to rule out risk for aneuploidy and cardiac disease

45-84 Cm (10 to 14 weeks) -Head must be in full view, and fetus in neutral position -Mid sagittal view, widest diameter

Useless for neural tube defects

Gives definitive diagnosis

Risk measured based on a plot with Crown Rump Length Generally cut off is over 25 ml

Test to measure risk

CRL in the first trimester From the crown (Highest point) to the Rump (Lowest Point)

BPD in the second trimester (Biparietal Diameter: Between the two parietal bones) The aforementioned are in the ??? view

Head circumference (HC) Abdominal Circumference (AC): Requires 2 ribs in the view and other things Femur Length (FL): View from diaphysis to diaphysis

Differential: Local or External OR Pregnancy Related -Cervical Ectopia, Lacertion, Lost Pregnancy Cervical Ectopia is IMPORTNAT (INTRA VS EXTRA Uterine) Viability of Fetus

Prior to PV we need to do US to rule out Placenta Privea if there is vaginal bleeding

Number of Placentas too

Biggest Pocket is measured Polyhydraminos >8 Oligohyraminos <3?

Can also be used in ductus venosus

Has a condom Dating Accuracy is higher than transabdominal

Hard in inverted uterus, or fibroids

Anteverted Head

Used in obesity

Alive Vaccines

Killed vaccines

Or oligohydraminos

In molar pregnancy and choriocarcinoma also

Could be due to preeclampsia

Due to edema

Vaginal passage of bloody mucous

Preeclampsia is more than 140/90

Shortening of cervical length, less than of 2.5 and abnormal funneling

Gravida Parity Abortion

GPA

Accuracy up to 1 week, no longer used

Example: Menses 20/7/2023 Thus: 20+7/7-3/2024 =27/4/2024

Accuracy depends on duration of Menses

Some thing are visible at different ages

Heart at 6 week Yolk sac 5 weeks and 4 days

Crown Rump length - Weeks per Cms

Booking visit: Determine gestational age Early on the US datings are the most accurate -Later on, aging gets less acccurate

Difference because luteal and follicular phases are variable

The earlier the first date of the visit the more accurate it is

Definitive signs, fetus related

Related to Uterus and mother's feeling

Unrelated to the fetus or uterus

Missed Menstrual Cycle