In the original story of Adam and Eve, God created two people, born with free will, and put them in the "beautiful" Garden of Eden, telling them that they can eat whatever they want except for the fruit from the forbidden tree which was the "tree of knowledge of good and evil" (Genesis 2.13). The devil, disguised as a serpent comes out and tempts Eve, practically saying that she will become just "'like God'" (Genesis 3.5) and know the difference between good and evil. She falls for this trick and takes an apple from the tree, giving some to Adam, completing the "Original sin" that "introduced death" (Harent). This is the story that this quote is referring to, saying that it was his wife's sin of adultery that lead him to commit the sin of murder. He compares it directly to this biblical reference, as now he must face the same torment that Adam faced after Eve sinned.

Works Cited:

Harent, Stéphane. "Original Sin." The Catholic Encyclopedia. Vol. 11. New York: Robert Appleton Company, 1911. 31 Mar. 2023 http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/11312a.htm.

Holy Bible: New International Version. 2011, Biblica, Inc

This quote is referring to what the ORBC family, and many Christians, identify as the "golden rule" of Christianity, which is an "ethical concept" (Family) that was given through Jesus. It is considered one of the most important quotes in the bible, as it is a general indicator and guide to how Christians should be conducting their daily lives. This could explain why Pantagruel feels refreshed after reading this note, as it is a reminder that there is always good to come. Additionally, Christians believe that this is just a good rule to follow in general, because "kindness" is the way towards "connection," which allows them "to show God's love to those around [them]" (Family). This could be one of the reasons that Pantagruel has a desire to form a friendship with Panurge, as he was raised to follow this "golden rule" and this relationship would be a form of spreading "God's love" (Family).

Works Cited:

Family, ORBC. “What Is the Golden Rule in the Bible? | Oak Ridge Baptist Church, TX.” Oak Ridge Baptist Church, 1 Oct. 2021, https://www.orbcfamily.org/blog/christian-living/what-is-the-golden-rule-in-the-bible/.

Everyday, during the "exchange of gifts" there has been a different animal hunted. The first animal being hunted was the dear, which, in Christianity, represents innocence and "purity" (Jordan). This can be correlated back to Gawain, as on the first day, he condemn himself highly for the way he acted with Lady Bercilak, stating how sinful it was and remaining true to himself as a chivalrous knight. The slaying of the deer represents some of his innocence going away after engaging in this act, slightly giving into temptation, but predominantly unwavering . The second day, Bercilak hunted a wild boar, which symbolizes sin and ferocity. Boars were known to "destroy Christian men morally or bodily" (Thièbaux). As told in the story, the boar was much more resistant to being hunted, again correlating to Gawain proceeding to resist Lady Bercilak's advances, staying true to himself and remaining honorable. Yet the boar still foreshadows what is about to happen to the noble knight as the next day he does give into his temptation and is destroyed by sin. Lastly Sir Bercilak returns with a fox, known in the Christian faith for their "slyness" and their "destructive nature" (Ellis). Gawain has done a good job remaining true to himself thus far, but on the third day, when he accepts the green girdle, he gives into his temptation, leading him to be sinful, and ultimately giving the path of truth away. His deceit leads to his demise and leads to him being one step closer to encountering the Green Knight.

Works Cited:

Ellis, Sam. “What Does A Fox Symbolize In The Bible? — Catholics & Bible.” Catholics & Bible, 12 June 2022, https://catholicsbible.com/what-does-a-fox-symbolize-in-the-bible/.

Thièbaux, Marcelle. “The Mouth of the Boar as a Symbol in Medieval Literature.” Romance Philology, vol. 22, no. 3, 1969, pp. 281–99. JSTOR, http://www.jstor.org/stable/44940429. Accessed 9 Mar. 2023.

Tradition In Action, Inc., and Elaine Jordan. “The Symbolism of the Stag in Catholic Art and in the Wilton Diptych.” Tradition In Action @ TraditionInAction.Org, 5 Nov. 2011, https://www.traditioninaction.org/religious/f022-Stag.htm.

The ninth circle of hell is reserved for those who have betrayed God or those who have supported them. Judas being found in the ninth circle is no coincidence, as it represents both Dante's faith and his feelings about betrayal. In Christianity, Judas is known "as the man who betrayed Jesus" (Roat) in return for 30 silver coins. Due to this deed, he must suffer eternal punishment in hell. Not only that, but he was placed in the final, and most extreme circle, where Satan resides. He endures the most painful of punishments due to his lack of loyalty to not only God, but also a friend during his life. In Dante's mind, this is the fair punishment for people that complete an action like this.

Works Cited: Roat, Alyssa. “Who Was Judas Iscariot? His Life and Betrayal.” Christianity.Com, Christianity.com, 21 June 2019, https://www.christianity.com/wiki/people/who-was-judas-iscariot.html.

Here we can see one of the many examples Aristophanes included of how women were seen in Ancient Greece. As stated by Aristotle, women are "irrational and weak" which makes it so they are "not capable of abstract reasoning." While the other women are focusing on the thought of getting to drink, Lysistrata is focused on the oath. This is the first signs that Aristophanes is intentionally writing Lysistrata as a more "masculine" woman. The other women are submitting to their "weaknesses" and forget about the rationality of the proposal, while Lysistrata stays strong in mind, ignoring the temptations to complete her goal. This defines her as the "strongest" among the women from the beginning, and looking throughout the play, you can see how the rest of the women will follow her lead and often times allow her to just tell them what to do, similar to how, at the time, women just followed the rules that were laid down from their husbands.

References

Huber, Kayla. “Everybody's A Little Bit Sexist: A Re-Evaluation of Aristotle's and Plato's Philosophies on Women.” Lake Forest College, 25 Feb. 2015, https://www.lakeforest.edu/news/everybodys-a-little-bit-sexist-a-re-evaluation-of-aristotles-and-platos-philosophies-on-women#:~:text=He%20felt%20that%20the%20rational,bound%20to%20the%20domestic%20sphere.

Krishna here is explaining a big factor of Hinduism and a path of getting into Heaven. By "renouncing fruit of deeds," he means that one should not expect to bear the fruits of their labor. It is then, that a person will see if this is a sinful act that revolves around selfishness, greed or anger. This is a "universal test" done when working for self fulfillment, by testing yourself to see if this action is done out of "sattvic" or purity. If it is an action that is considered "pure" then this duty shall be done, but anything that waivers this purity should remain at rest to keep the soul sinless. Violence is heavily condemned in Hinduism, unless it is part of your moral duty, so Krishna is explaining that if you are thinking of being a solider to fulfil this moral duty to get into heaven or any other fruits that it may bear, then you will not be "pure," but if you chose to become a solider after "renouncing" these fruits then the action must be done.

References

Gandhi, Mahatma. “Conclusion: Renunciation Of The Fruit Of Actions Leads To The Grace Of The Lord | Talks on the Gita | Vinoba Bhave.” Mahatma Gandhi One Spot Complete Information, Bombay Sarvodaya Mandal & Gandhi Research Foundation, https://www.mkgandhi.org/talksongita/chap18.htm. Accessed 2 Feb. 2023.

“What Is Sattvic? - Definition from Yogapedia.” Yogapedia.Com, 18 Oct. 2018, https://www.yogapedia.com/definition/7770/sattvic.