Apart from this, Urinalysis is also performed to manage and detect a variety of kidney related disorders such as urinary tract infection, and also diabetes. For instance, if a patient has a UTI, their urine will have a cloudy tinge to it instead of a clear appearance. This can be easily detected by urinalysis. Urinalysis is mostly performed to assess the overall health of a patient or to diagnose and monitor a medical condition. In some cases, urinalysis is performed to test pregnancy or even drug abuse. In pregnancy testing, human chronic gonadotropin (hCG) is measured as it is and indicator of pregnancy. On the other hand, in drug screenings, specific drugs or their metabolized products are detected, depending on the purpose of the test.

More information could be added on this sub-heading. As the name itself suggests, urine is collected over the course of 24 hours to check the normal kidney function. This is done to assess the presence of harmful waste products present in amounts outside the normal range, or to check for any foreign substances if present. A 24-hour urine collection is mostly done to diagnose any kidney problems. Usually, it is done to check creatinine clearance through the kidneys. Although, this method does have some risks associated to it which are as follows:

1. Forgetting about urine collection or collecting for more than 24 hours.
2. Chances of spillage.
3. Unable to maintain the urine cold which is a key criteria in this method of urine analysis.
4. Consumption of foods that increase urine formation like tea and coffee. This can hinder the accuracy of the test.

Homeostasis (derived from Greek, breaks down into 'home' meaning similar, and 'stasis' meaning stable) refers to the balance that is kept within the system. It is a mechanism that helps animals and humans maintain a stable internal and external environment for them to operate in the best manner possible. Disruption of this mechanism will tend to cause imbalance of bodily functions. With regards to urinary system, homeostasis is achieved by ramping up the urine formation when our body has more water available. This is very important to maintain the osmolarity. If there is a deficit of water in our body due to evaporation or excessive sweating, the urine thus formed will be less but will appear concentrated. Homeostasis is important to regulate the blood pressure and keeping our body hydrated at all times.

In my opinion, this is a piece of information that is very helpful in understanding the cause of frequent urination in pregnant women. As mentioned in the article, the location of the bladder is anterior to uterus. During late pregnancy, around the 35 weeks mark, the urine holding capacity of the bladder decreases drastically because of the enlargement of the uterus. Although, this is not the only reason behind the increased frequency of urination in pregnant women. During pregnancy, there is a surge in the hormone hCG (which is also used to detect pregnancy) which is responsible in increasing blood flow to the kidneys and pelvic area. When approaching close to childbirth, the head of the baby drops down into the pelvic region putting more pressure on the bladder. This will make women feel like going for urination more often.

A little bit more information about the process of ureteral peristalsis could have been added here. It is similar as the peristalsis that occurs in the gastrointestinal tract. Ureteral peristalsis can be described as a series of near-constant speed of compressive zones that move along the ureter towards the urinary bladder. Although, it can only pump urine to the bladder at a relatively low mean rates of urine flow. Also, worth noting, ureters have sphincters at the end near the entrance to the urinary bladder to prevent any backflow of urine back to the ureter.

Glomerulus is derived from a Latin word which basically means 'ball of yarn'. If we observe the structure of glomerulus, it does look like one. I feel like more information about the glomerulus could have been added here about glomerulus and what role it plays in the filtration process of urine formation. So, in glomerulus, the blood gets filtered into the Bowman's capsule by a process known as ultrafiltration. In ultrafiltration, the filtration is achieved with the help of pressure. This information would have been helpful if it was mentioned in the article. The pressure is created by the dilatation of the afferent arteriole (located at the proximal end of glomerulus) and constriction of efferent arteriole (located at the distal glomerulus).