52 Matching Annotations
  1. Dec 2022
    1. As a member of society, we hope you are informed about the role social media plays in shaping society, such as how design decisions and bots can influence social movements (polarizing, spreading, or stifling different them), and the different economic, social, and governmental pressures that social media platforms operate under.

      The value of the whole society is largely shaped and influenced by the social media. We know that a lot of values presented on the social media are not correct and are sometimes wrote intentionally. However, as the values spread out and become viral, they seem to become the mainstream and people not believing in them are separated from the rest. However, we should stuck with what we believe and stop spreading the viral information.

    1. how they influence your emotions and mental state

      I feel that people's emotion and mental state are so closely tight with the social media. You can get depressed easily by viewing the social media for just minutes. We know that we should not regard what's on the social media as the realistic life though some part of it is, but we still can't separate it completely from our thinking. What we need is the strong emotion that helps us to stay away from harm.

  2. Nov 2022
    1. Meta now has a mission statement of “give people the power to build community and bring the world closer together.” But is this any better?

      I think this statement is better than the previous one. The words "give people the power" means that the final decision of whether to be connected to others is made by people themselves instead of being "forced" to accept what Zuckerberg believed to be good. In this way, he is just expressing his wish, but not forcing something to happen.

    1. Dr. Takhteyev points out that since tech companies are centralized in Silicon Valley, this then means they Silicon Valley determines which technologies (like programming languages or coding libraries) get adopted. He then compares this to a how the art world works: “If you want to show [your art] in Chicago, you must move to New York. He then rewords this for tech: if you want your software to be used widely in Brazil, you should write it in Silicon Valley.

      This is like saying no matter what your contents are, where it is produced determines its value. If this is the truth, then I highly doubt that the industry can ever get to develop. Luckily, though codes written in Silicon Valley may still be regarded as somehow superior, it's not the complete story. The content itself is a more determining factor than who wrote it.

    1. Obstacle: Users don’t want ads on Facebook Solution: No ads until Facebook has attracted enough users (network power) so that users won’t leave when ads are introduced (which happened in 2007)

      It's a very clever strategy since it lets its user get used to using the app. When advertisements are introduced, users will of course have some negative feeling. However, since using the app has became part of their life, they won'r just simply leave the social media. Most often, they'll tolerate it.

    1. In what ways do you see capitalism and socialism show up in the country you are from or are living in?

      I think most of corporations in China, though they may be privately owned, have a lot of relationships with the Chinese government. The business organizations in China, no matter which industries they belong to, are affected heavily by the government decisions and the law regulating the business market. If the law favor a industry, businesses in that particular industry can flourish very quickly.

    2. and the excess business profits or losses are handled by the government

      I think this is one benefit of working for the government of socialism. If you are in a socialism system and work for the government, you have less worry of losing your job. Normally, you may not earn as much as people in the capitalism, but your job is more stable since the government is responsible for the risk. It's the trade off between profit and stability.

    1. Some argued that there was no type of reconciliation or forgiveness possible given the crimes committed by the Nazis. Hannah Arendt argued that not even any punishment that could ever be sufficient

      A lot of things can not be repaired, one that's most obvious is people's lives. What Nazis have done and destroyed can not be repaired, but since doesn't mean that they should not be punished. Repairing and punishing are two completely different things that are acted on different individuals.

    1. Guilt, on the other hand, because it operates entirely within individual psychology, doesn’t scale.

      Different people will have different level of guilt even if they are facing the same situation. It's even more true for people with different ethics, since they believe in different beliefs and have different standard for what's right. Therefore, guild is hard to scale since everyone reacts differently.

    1. Black women were disproportionately targeted, being 84% more likely than white women to be mentioned in abusive or problematic tweets.

      I think women are particularly easy target for social media harassment. For instance, women are judged more heavily than men on their body shapes, appearances, skins, and even their past experiences of dating. Among all the comments, harassment or comments with negative intentions are easily found. I think the society is still holding different judgement and viewpoint on women and men.

    1. Have you experienced or witnessed harassment on social media (that you are willing to share about)?

      I own a social media account that shares my experience of going to different restaurant. Sometimes, some people thought that my comments were not real, and the restaurant owner paid me to make good comments. This may not be a harassment but is really annoying for me.

    1. What do you think a social media company’s responsibility is for the crowd actions taken by users on its platform?

      I think the social media has responsibility of checking and modifying the crowd actions done on the social media. They should check if the work done by the crowd is desirable and see if it will cause any undesirable harm. If there's potential harm involved, they should modify it to exclude the harm.

    1. A group of Reddit users decided to try to identify the bomber(s) themselves. They quickly settled on a missing man (Sunil Tripathi) as the culprit (it turned out had died by suicide and was in no way related to the case), and flooded the Facebook page set up to search for Sunil Tripathi, causing his family unnecessary pain and difficulty.

      Their intention is for good, but the result caused other's pain. The crowd work, though it's not paid, can have this undesirable consequences. The work is not professional, not dispatched by the official. Therefore, they are volunteers to the case and thus free from blame if they make mistakes. It's hard to make judgement on their behavior. It's sometimes better to not having them work on the case.

    1. Is an online encyclopedia whose content is crowdsourced. Anyone can contribute, just go to an unlocked Wikipedia page and press the edit button.

      It's hard to say if this is a good or bad thing. Giving everyone the right to edit means that it will be comprehensive and always updated. However, it also means that it's not professional, even if the contents it presents seem to be academic. Therefore, users shouldn't trust it completely.

    1. When looking at the demographics of who writes the English Wikipeda articles, editors of wikipedia skew heavily male (around 80% or 90%), and presumably administrators skew heavily male as well. This can produce bias in how things are moderated.

      I wonder what caused this skewness? Is it because women are less likely to contribute on Wikipedia? Does it mean that males are more active in writing for Wikipeda articles? Or does Wikipedia itself more willing to accept articles from male editors? The data presented show a huge difference that I'm confused about.

    1. Some systems have no moderators.

      I don't think this is a good strategy to follow, especially in current society, where information and social media data have played such influential roles in our life. Without moderation, if there's some error that the creator of the website doesn't notice, then people with bad intention can easily utilize the error and implement bad behavior. The resulting devastation created may fall into the creator's fault.

    1. You could be miserly and penny-pinching, or you could be a reckless spender, but the aim is to find a healthy balance between those two. Moderation, or being moderate, is something that is valued in many ethical frameworks, not because it comes naturally to us, per se, but because it is an important part of how we form groups and come to trust each other for our shared survival and flourishing.

      I think this idea about moderation is what's needed in the current society. It's nearly impossible to satisfy everybody's needs. Therefore, how to find a midpoint that could somehow reflect everyone's needs is important and necessary. What's more, a moderate balance should also exist between platforms and users.

    1. Social media platforms themselves have their own options for how they can moderate comments, such as:

      I think a useful way would be the platform pre-supervise the content of the post before making it public. In China, many social medias use this strategy. Sometimes, implicit advertisements, harmful and viral contents, or some sensitive political topics would not be allowed to post.

    1. People who fake these illnesses often do so as a result of their own mental illness, so, in fact, “they are sick, albeit it in a very different way than claimed.”

      Though they fake on their illness like having cancer, they may indeed have some other kinds of illness. For instance, they may be mentally disorder or unstable. There are several reason for people to want to get attention from others in this weird way. Sometimes, people just want to make them look poor and pity.

    1. They found that people who were given more negative posts tended to post more negatively themselves. Now, this while experiment was done without informing users that they were part of an experiment, and when people found out that they might be part of a secret mood manipulation experiment, they were upset.

      I think this would relate to some ethical issues of recommendation algorithms. Should the social media recommends people based on its algorithms? Or in other words, should social media hold the right to decide what to let its users see and view? What should we do if the platform have some bad intension of spreading out viral information?

    2. “If [social media] was just bad, I’d just tell all the kids to throw their phone in the ocean, and it’d be really easy. The problem is it - we are hyper-connected, and we’re lonely. We’re overstimulated, and we’re numb. We’re expressing our self, and we’re objectifying ourselves. So I think it just sort of widens and deepens the experiences of what kids are going through.

      This is what really bothers parents, schools, and the society. They want their kids to be away from the social medias, away from electronic devices. However, they can't simply do that. These are now indispensable part of one's life. For instance, your kid may rely on social media platform on electronic devices to learn online courses. Both good and bad things are brought by them.

    1. Recommendations can go poorly when they do something like recommend an ex or an abuser because they share many connections with you.

      I'm a food blogger on a social media platform. Though I want my post to be seen and liked by more people, I don't want people around me to know that I'm launching this media account. However, I think it was because of the recommendation algorithms, many people around me have discovered my account. So it works even if you don't want it to work.

    1. What experiences do you have of social media sites making particularly good recommendations for you?

      Every time I searched for a particular products on The Red, a Chinese social media platform, I later found out the the social media would keep sending me reviews about the product. It was useful sometimes since it was the information I needed. However, it got annoying sometimes as many advertisements got mixed in it.

  3. Oct 2022
    1. For another example, in 2021, John Roderick (who became known as “bean dad”) posted on twitter a story about how his 9-year-old daughter was hungry and had asked him to open a can of beans. He told her to figure out how to use the can-opener herself and refused to help her:

      I feel like this kind of tweets were just sharing some real moments in their lives with their real thoughts. How people perceiving it define how it would be spread out. Sometimes, people themselves don't expect their post to have such a big influence on the internet. It's usually not a good thing to get famous on tweeter in this way.

    1. For social media content, replications means that the content (or a copy or modified version) get seen by more people. Additionally, when a modified version gets distributed, future replications of that version will include the modification (a.k.a., inheritance).

      I think sometimes there are issue with the modification of the social media content. Sometimes, the modification makes unexpected changes on the writer's original meaning of his words. And therefore, as the modification gets spread out, the writer's original intention will be mis-understood. Therefore, it's important for people modifying the content to show where the text is coming from.

    1. As these letters spread we could consider what factors made some chain letters (and modified versions) spread more than others, and how the letters got modified as they spread.

      The spreading of letters depends on various reasons and factors. It could continuously be spreading out or stoped quickly after it being sent. People receiving it may hold different opinions about this behavior. If all people believe in the good luck the letter could bring to them, then the letter may be sent to a great number of people.

    1. Without seeing the images you can hopefully see what makes alt-text useful or not. Posts without alt-text will be hard to make sense of, and some alt text on photos might tell you information about the photo, but not the information you need. { requestKernel: true, binderOptions: { repo: "binder-examples/jupyter-stacks-datascience", ref: "master", }, codeMirrorConfig: { theme: "abcdef", mode: "python" }, kernelOptions: { kernelName: "python3", path: "./ch10_accessibility\05_alt_text" }, predefinedOutput: true } kernelName = 'python3'

      Though the alt-texts may help in some extend, but it maybe not as helpful as some people think. Though one can try to be as comprehensive in the description as possible, it's not possible to cover every aspect of an image by using language alone. The things you describe may not be the information viewers wants.

    1. But our society doesn’t build things for tetrachromats, so their extra ability to see color doesn’t help them much, and trichromats’ relative reduction in seeing color doesn’t cause them difficulty, so being a trichromat isn’t considered to be a disability.

      To be honest, I don't know that some people can see more colors than I do. If I was told that I can't see as many colors as some people can, I would only considered them to have some extra ability. However, I won't consider myself to be disabled in seeing some colors. Maybe I'm used to the claim that I'm normal.

    1. What are your biggest concerns around privacy on social media?

      I think the biggest concern is who the private information is released to. If the information is released to someone with no bad intention, then it won't be disastrous. If the information is released to someone with bad intention, then it could be a big harm. People could use the private information to harass or to intimidate you.

    1. Let’s say you are trying to share a story, but you are on a platform where your friends, family, and coworkers are all going to see it. I

      This is actually what's happening on me. I have a social media account on a Chinese app where I shared restaurants and food I like. Though there's nothing shameful about, I still feel like I don't want people around me to know that I have this account. However, a great number of my friends have discovered and recognized my account. I feel like this is like a violation of my privacy.

    1. For example, if you send “private” messages on a work system, your boss might be able to read them.

      This is like the Ed platform students use. You can hide your name from other students, but your professor can still see the name of the poster. I think it reserve some rights for the teacher to keep everything under control so that students don't post unrelated stuff, but it also restricts students' right to speak freely.

    1. Are you surprised by any of the things the can be done with data mining?

      I'm a little surprised to see the "tags" Google gives to me. They are very detailed. It lists the websites I frequently go over, and also includes things that I looked through a year ago. What's more, it guesses out my age correctly. It's hard to describe my feeling. I think I prefer not to be analyzed and exposed to Google so completely.

    1. It turns out if you look at a lot of data, it is easy to discover spurious correlations where two things look like they are related, but actually aren’t.

      I have another example if spurious correlation. The number of ice cream sold seems to have correlation with the number of cases of people being attacked by snakes. It turns out that it may because people tend to buy more ice cream in summer, when snakes are most active. Indeed, the correlation doesn't mean causation.

    2. Data mining is the process of taking a set of data and trying to learn new things from it.

      I believe this is what's used for the auto recommendation. The social media learn from your behaviors like recent views and infer your interest. The auto recommendation is sometimes amazing, but sometimes annoying. It's hard to say if it's actually helping me.

    1. Sometimes wearing items of a certain brand signals to people with similar commitments that you might be on the same page.

      This happens in my high-school. Some people in my school formed their group and they seemed to have an unspoken rule--they all wore clothes of the same brands. If one didn't, he became the outlier in the group. Though this rule seemed ridiculous to me, I could understand their intention.

    1. One of the traditional pieces of advice to dealing with trolls is “Don’t feed the trolls,” which means that if you don’t respond to trolls, they will get bored and stop trolling.

      I kind of agree with this suggestion. People trolling on the internet are trying to get people's attention and negative reactions. If we ignore them and don't respond, they'll eventually get bored of their behavior. However, if you reply with anger, it means that their achieve what they want: they want to trigger people's negative feelings.

    1. When the goal is provoking an emotional reaction, it is often for a negative emotion, such as anger or emotional pain.

      When a user's emotion is evoked, it's usually the negative part of his emotion. People with moderate feelings usually find it hard to get emotionally involved. People who intentionally invoke others' feeling may have bad intentions like creating internet abuse or trigger one's hate.

    1. Anonymity can encourage inauthentic behavior, because with no way of tracing anything back to you1, you can get away with pretending you are someone you are not, or behaving in ways that would get your true self in trouble.

      I think I've seen this in some novels. People who have one persona actually turns out to be a completely different person on the internet. The anonymity provides the perfect shell for him, so he can do and post whatever wants without being penalized. Thus, I do believe that the anonymity somehow encourages the inauthentic behavior.

    1. While modified behaviors to present a persona or code switch may at first look inauthentic, they can be a way of authentically expressing ourselves in each particular setting.

      A person may have different persona for different situations. Though the persona may differ from who he really is, but it doesn't necessarily mean that the person is inauthentic. Sometimes, a modification of one's behavior is needed just like the following examples indicate. A person's persona may subconsciously change with the surrounding environment.

    1. The need to trust other people is obscured by the many institutions that we have created.

      I feel like this is because some interactions are eliminated because of the development of technology. For instance, you can now buy grocery staff from the internet without actually interacting with farmers. In this way, you don't have to give your trust to others. If the real apple you received doesn't match with the online description, the website will protect your rights.

    1. For example, ads in mobile games make the “x” you need to press incredibly small and hard to press to make it harder to leave their ad:

      This happens a lot in real life. Another friction I encountered is that, next to the "x" button, there was a link navigating to the advertisement's site. Since the link was so close to the closing button, it was very easy for you to tap on the link, therefore navigated to the site you didn't want to visit. These frictions were designed intentionally.

    1. This board emphasizes “free speech” and “no rules” (with exceptions for child pornography and some other illegal content). In these message boards users attempt to troll each other and post the most shocking content they can come up with. They also have a history of collectively choosing a target website or community and doing a “raid” where they all try to join and troll and offend the people in that community.

      With restriction, users may feel restricted and their right of free speech is violated. Without restriction, offensive speeches are no longer limited. There are trade-off between freedom and restriction. How much to restrict is always a hard question for creators of social media platforms.

    1. In the 1980s and 1990s, Bulletin board system (BBS) provided more communal ways of communicating and sharing messages. In these systems, someone would start a “thread” by posting an inital message. Others could reply to the previous set of messages in the thread.

      I think Ed kind of follows this bulletin board system. Students with question can post the questions on the internet, and people, including both students and professors, are free to answer. I think it's an effective way to communicate within a group of people.

    1. Different simplifications are useful for different tasks. Any given simplification will be helpful for some task and be unhelpful for others.

      There are different advantages as well as disadvantages for different methods of collecting, recording, and representing data. Which method to use depends on the actual scenario. It's also like the tradeoffs between simplicity and comprehension. It's great to have a simple, easy-understanding, and simplified work, but at the same time, the comprehension of the work should also be considered.

    1. Age

      If I were to collect data about people's age, I would first make age into small ranges. For example, age between 0 and 10, 10 and 20, 20 and 30, and so on. I may ask the user to type the age and see which age ranges it falls into. It not only stores the data I need, but also help me to summarize the age distribution of my users, which may later turn out to be useful for analysis.

    1. Sounds are represented as the position of the speaker diaphragm over time (a sound wave). The position is saved as a number, and there positions saved at each time point, so the sound wave is saved as a list of numbers.

      It is at first hard for me to imagine that sounds can be stored, represented, and generated by numbers, which seem to have nothing to do with what we can hear. I think this is the feature of computer: everything is represented by data. The plain, cold, and simple data can build the internet world.

    1. But, since the donkey does not understand the act of protest it is performing, it can’t be rightly punished for protesting.

      This is just like the example of Tay. Tay itself doesn't have the ability to distinguish between good thing and bad thing. It is the people who teaches it to post racist tweets that should be punished. Here, the donkey is just performing what people instruct it to do. It doesn't understand the meaning of its act. Therefore, I think it is the people that should be punished.

    1. In 2016, Microsft launched a twitter bot that was intended to learn to speak from other twitter users and have conversations. Twitter users quickly started tweeting racist comments at Tay, which Tay learned from and started tweeting out within one day.

      I believe that this is one of the dilemmas that artificial intelligence is facing. It's smart and efficient, but it doesn't have a way to distinguish things people want them to learn or perform. If it's used in a good way, then it's beneficial to the social welfare. If people with bad intention teach them to do dangerous thing, people are posing threat to our own society. I think this should be taken into consideration when creating inventions like Tay.

    1. The social media platform itself is run with computer programs, such as recommendation algorithms (chapter 12).

      I feel like this recommendation algorithms has influenced me a lot. Red is a very popular Chinese app, and people can post everything they want on it, as long as it's considered as legal. As a user, in the recommendation page, I always see posts that I care about. I believe that's because once you open a post, the app remembers it, and keep sending you similar posts. I have to say that keep seeing similar posts sometimes influence my decision.

  4. Sep 2022
    1. which were people trained to perform the calculations.

      I'm a little bit surprised to see this picture with all women doing the calculations. They are all trained to perform this special, rigorous, and boring task. Does it mean that at that time before electronic computers were created, women were mainly in charge of this intellectual work? Was that because women were usually more patient, more alarm about data?

    1. One group or country subjugating another group, often imposing laws, religion, culture, and languages on that group, and taking resources from them.

      The colonizers will definitely impose influence on the local, and usually, that influence passes even after the colonization. The colonization has impact on both tangible things and mental belief. For instance, Portugal has colonized Macao, and Portuguese cuisine can be seen everywhere in Macao. Even the local food has been infused with Portuguese style. However, there are also instance of the colonizers failing to impose their culture to the local. I remember a article saying that the English colonizers failed to impose their ethics and way of building houses to the local Americans.

    1. Confucianism

      This is one of the most famous, widely-used ethics in China. The founder of it launched a school that attracted more than 3000 students. He also wrote many textbooks that has passed for thousands of year. I remember myself learning his words in primary school and high-school. He is also the top figure of the 10 most cultural-influential person in the world. He was born as a noble and later travelled through different countries. This experience has contributed a lot to his ethics. The main idea of his belief is to use benevolence and righteousness to rule the country. He separated normal people and the authorities, and defined them as "people being ruled" and "rulers".