To achieve a firm's goals. Since leadership permeates all activities, the leader role is among the most important of all roles at all levels of management.

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Pay can help make people stay in the company. If the pay is enough to work through challenges, they might feel satisfied to some extent, but pay is not everything.

It depends on how to make them happier. If the way of doing it is ethical and fair, it is good. If the high satisfaction is not ethical, it would not be related to high performance.

Organizational Justice, the Psychological Contract, and Relashionships at work are the most important in making people dissatisfied with their jobs. Person-environment fit, Organizational justice, and Work relashionships are the most important relating to organizational commitment.

At work, two job attitudes have the greatest potential to influence how we behave. These are job satisfaction and organizational commitment.

Job satisfaction refers to the feelings people have toward their job.

Organizational commitment is the emotional attachment people have toward the company they work for.

There is a high degree of overlap between job satisfaction and organizational commitment because things that make us happy with our job often make us more committed to the company as well.

They often are associated with outcomes that are important to the Controlling role, such as performance, helping others, absenteeism, and turnover.

People rejected the study that went against their belief as methodologically inferior and ended up believing in their original position even more (Lord, et. al., 1979)! In other words, using data to debunk people’s beliefs or previously established opinions may not necessarily work, a tendency to guard against when conducting Planning and Controlling activities. I have experienced that a first impression from others lasted long.

You can protect yourself against this tendency by being aware of it and making a conscious effort to open your mind to new information.

Self-fulfilling prophecy. This happens when an established stereotype causes one to behave in a certain way, which leads the other party to behave in a way that confirms the stereotype For ex, because you are treating the other person more nicely, the response you get may also be nicer, which confirms your original belief that Asians are friendly

When human beings perceive themselves, they are also subject to the false consensus error. Simply put, we overestimate how similar we are to other people

1. Our visual perception definitely goes beyond the physical information available to us. Our perception is affected by our values, needs, and emotions. There are many biases that affect human perception of objects, self, and others.

1/ 1. Openness=Content creator, fashion designer 2. Conscientiousness=Nurse, Social worker, Teacher 3. Extraversion=Sales, Motivational speaker 4. Agreeableness=Counselor, Customer service 5. Neuroticism=Researcher, Delivery, work alone

Conscientiousness seems a desired trait across all jobs. 2/The unique challenges for low self-esteem: Managing employees with low self-esteem may be challenging at times because negative feedback given with the intention of improving performance may be viewed as a negative judgment on their worth as an employee. Therefore, effectively managing employees with relatively low self-esteem requires tact and providing lots of positive feedback when discussing performance incidents.

The unique challenge for low self-efficacy: People with low self-efficacy tend to procrastinate. training people to increase their self-efficacy may be effective. Some people may also respond well to verbal encouragement. By showing that you believe they can be successful and effectively playing the role of cheerleader, a manager may be able to increase self-efficacy beliefs. Empowering people—giving them opportunities to test their skills so that they can see what they are capable of—is also a good way of increasing self-efficacy

3/ Personality testing, Testing of cognitive abilities(mental intelligence), Interviews 4/ I had to face many dishonest people who were like scammers and I had to lie but I hate dishonesty. I could not fake myself well. I eventually quit the job. 5/ Openness can help find opportunities in businesses as the traits are creative and open to new ideas. It can help find creative solutions. Conscientiousness helps pay attention to details that would serve an accurate judgement of people.

self-direction 自らによる方向決定、自己主導性

universalism 普遍主義、《神学》万人救済説◆通例Universalism

everthing but the kitchen sink ありとあらゆる物、何でもかんでも

A strech goal=ストレッチ目標◆達成できるレベルより少し高めの目標のこと

接続すればすぐに使える」又は「電源に差し込む」

「plug-and-chug」は口語表現で、主に数学や科学の問題解決において、深い理解を必要とせず、単に公式に数値や変数を代入して答えを機械的に導き出す手法を指します。 日本語では、以下のような意味合いで使われます。

・（公式などへの）当てはめ計算

・機械的な代入作業

・思考停止的な問題解決（批判的な文脈で使われることが多い

dispoaition=性質

1. As a manager, you will need to understand the compatibility of individual and group performance, typically with respect to goals and incentives. firms need to be careful to match their goals with their reward structures

4. Group-level performance focuses on both the outcomes and process of collections of individuals, or groups

A team is a cohesive coalition of people working together to achieve the team agenda

1. These “extras” are called extra-role performance or organizational citizenship behaviors (OCBs) OCBs can be understood as individual behaviors that are beneficial to the organization and are discretionary, not directly or explicitly recognized by the formal reward system

1. those things that add value but which aren’t part of your formal job description. These “extras” are called extra-role performance or organizational citizenship behaviors (OCBs)

1. Individual-level performance draws upon those things you have to do in your job, or in-role performance

1. Controlling involves ensuring that performance does not deviate from standards. Controlling consists of three steps, which include (1) establishing performance standards, (2) comparing actual performance against standards, and (3) taking corrective action when necessary.

1. Leading involves the social and informal sources of influence that you use to inspire action taken by others.

1. developing an organizational structure and allocating human resources to ensure the accomplishment of objectives.

1. setting objectives and determining a course of action for achieving those objectives

1. the P-O-L-C functions might be ideal but that they do not accurately depict the day-to-day actions of actual managers

1. the P-O-L-C functions might be ideal but that they do not accurately depict the day-to-day actions of actual managers

scan 精査する

steel trap

を捕獲するためのわなと、比喩的な意味での鋭い知性という二つの主要な意味

roll up 現れる

lead time

リードタイム◆製品の企画から生産開始までに要する時間。商品の発注から納品までに要する時間。 lag time 時間のずれ、遅延時間、死節時

planning, organizing, leading, and controlling

line manager(product or service manager)=is responsible for the production, marketing, and profitability A staff manager, in contrast, leads a function that creates indirect inputs. A project manager has the responsibility for the planning, execution, and closing of any project. A general manager is someone who is responsible for managing a clearly identifiable revenue-producing unit, such as a store, business unit, or product line.

ラインマネージャーは、業務の直接的な遂行を担い、従業員を監督する権限を持ちます。一方、スタッフマネージャーは、専門知識を提供し、ラインマネージャーを補佐する役割を担いますが、直接的な命令権は持たず、専門分野でのアドバイスを行います

To keep up with a growing society and to continue to thrive in the society.

Motivate people who lead to good output. Encouraging people to help each other has a positive influence on society. They might gain trust compared to businesses which pursue only profit.

POLC for Goodwill needs to establish a comprehensive POLC to support people with various backgrounds. The core strategy is doing good for people and the planet. While starbuks forcuses on how to provide good products and services.

bottom line=〈話〉肝心［主要］なこと［点］