the sound of hand-tapping may promote sensorimotor integration coupling between the sound and the co-occurring hand and articulatory actions
Sequencing.
the sound of hand-tapping may promote sensorimotor integration coupling between the sound and the co-occurring hand and articulatory actions
Sequencing.
recruits a right sensorimotor integration network (Schlaug et al., 2008) and thus promotes activation of an auditory-vocal interface
How does right sensorimotor integration promote activation of auditory-vocal interface?
MIT multimodal
Because the motor aspect is necessary.
exaggerated natural prosody
Because speaking is just a more simple version of these exercises.
A large body of evidence indicates that formulaic language2 production depends on right-hemisphere and subcortical regions, whereas spontaneous language depends on left-hemisphere
So there are processing centers for language in both of the hemispheres, allowing for a possible explanation for the cases above.
responded positively to the therapy displayed decreasing activation in the right hemisphere
Not sure how this could have happened.
left hemisphere does not necessarily exhibit abnormal activation pattern in the recovery process.
Maybe the brain is not restoring itself, but rather reforming itself. This would make sense because of neuroplasticity, since the brain must have had to undergo trauma for the individual to be experiencing Broca's aphasia.
who suffered a right-hemisphere stroke resulting in non-fluent aphasia did not improve the ability of the articulation of words after singing training
This is because the left hemisphere could not compensate for the right hemisphere because it does not contain the brain structures necessary for music processing.
increased connectivity between cortical motor and auditory areas
Because music requires listening and in order to synchronize with a beat, motor control and sequencing are required (as mentioned above).
sensory-motor integration
Necessary for achieving the desired effects of music and language.
pragmatic system
The social and cultural aspects of language.
socio-intentional
I'm guessing it relates to your intentions in social situations?
Linearization is the operation of translating the syntactic structures into temporal sequence in language domain
Basically the process of aligning words in a sentence/phrase in our head (thoughts) and then producing it as speech?
but also in the generation and perception of music rhythm
So we can rebuild the speech rhythm processing centers by exposing the brain to music to activate the music rhythm processing centers?
the temporally predictable external auditory cues could map onto the metrical structure of the speech signal
The sequence of beats in the march music translated into speech signals in the brain?
predictable
Were the basal ganglia able to detect this predictable pattern and take up "sequencing?"
motor deficits
I'm guessing this is because the basal ganglia are responsible for making and carrying out plans, and this would include motor functions?
motor control and sequencing
Ex. clapping and continuing to clap to maintain the beat.
how the brain engages in interactions with the sensory and internal environment to form structured predictions about the world and, on this basis, to make and execute action plans
Helps the brain facilitate actions necessary for eventually forming speech?
basal ganglia
Play a part in MIT.
infarction
Obstruction of a blood supply (embolus or thrombus).
unilateral cortical impairment
Damage to the cortical structures on the same hemisphere or in that same region of the brain.
prosody
The patterns of rhythm and sound used in poetry.
syntactic processing
Order/arrangement of words.
neurological basis
Meaning they don't really know what causes it?
subcortical areas
Includes the following structures: diencephalon, pituitary gland, limbic structures and the basal ganglia
cortical areas
Any region of the cerebral cortex.
apraxia of speech (AOS)
Is this disorder the reason why non-fluent aphasia patients have difficulty forming speech?
content and functional words
words that carry meaning and words that don't (articles, prepositions, etc.)
agrammatism
Type of speech production where grammar is inaccessible.
non-fluent
A person knows what they want to say, but has difficulty producing speech.
Melodic Intonation Therapy
Intonation is the various pitches a person covers when speaking. So I'm guessing this type of therapy involves humming, lip trills, and maybe even singing simple, common tunes (all important in vocal warm ups).
rhythm processing
I want to immediately say that this is because we speak rhythmically, and certain patterns of musical rhythms can be found in our speech.
flexible and adaptable writer.
If we know the genre we are working in, we can communicate in a way that will benefit that audience.
“the view of genre that simply makes it a collection of features obscures how these features are flexible in any instance or even how the general understanding of the genre can change over time, as people orient to evolving patterns.”
I think this means we are far from robots. We have the potential to be vastly creative. The features present in a genre are subject to change by our environment and are able to be manipulated by the writer to create a product that they've designed; therefore, we are the reason that genres are constantly evolving, because we are constantly evolving as people and as a species. As we evolve, so does society. Society, people, and genres, all evolve and affect one another. This process does not seem robotic to me. Robots are predictable. Change is not.
SO AM I JUST A ROBOT?
I want to immediately say no, because we are emotional creatures. We have feelings, desires, ambitions, and care. But I also want to say yes because our brains are so complex and each structure is responsible for a process. So much must occur in the brain for the body to be able to carry out a desired movement.
we’re describing formula
It feels like they're describing theories for writing. "Formula" is a term commonly used in math. These formulas are consistent and never change over time. They cannot be altered. Theories can be altered based on new information that is discovered. Genres develop over time based on changes that are constantly occurring in our world.
This means that understanding the genres operating in any setting will also help you to understand better what happens in that setting—how people work together, how they solve problems, how they communicate, certainly, but also how they get work done.
A genre is reflective of the environment that the writers are working within, just as the environment that the writers are working in helps to form the genre, the genre set, and genre system.
Bawarshi thinks that this genre is like a habitat—a place that sustains the creatures that live in it and really sets the living conditions for those creatures.
I like this parallel drawn between nature and genres. It makes sense because genres were originally referred to as "worlds" in this article.
the things you write, the things you read, the things you circulate and the things your network circulates, and also on your comments and re-posts
So it's not just what you create, but what you read and the things you circulate and comment on, because that too contributes to your thoughts and in turn, your writing. They are all contributing factors to the genre system, and therefore, the genre.
genre system.
A network of writers that produce material within a particular genre.
you’ll produce writing that behaves like the genre
You write differently based on which genre you're writing within, because it calls for different rhetorical devices and language.
Genres are constructions of groups, over time, usually with the implicit or explicit sanction of organizational or institutional power.
This means that what consists within a genre evolves over time based on what the writers create and how the workplace/world/society evolves over time.
that behaves in typical or characteristic ways, which we can observe in repeated or persistent situations.
We can find patterns among the writings in a genre.
typified characteristic, typical utterance any act of language — written or spoken recurrent happens again and again
The requirements of a genre
recurrent situation
A genre is defined by what people do with the writings contained in that genre.
the worlds, rather
I think this means genres. But the choice of the word "world" is smart because it implies that the possibilities are endless for writing. Our world is so vast and so are the genres that we write within.
Annotations—
I still am a little confused about creating my own link so that you can just see each of our individual annotations instead of us just posting to the general thread.
that you complete this semester
I like this because then we really are learning from one another
nose and mouth
important because so many people don't cover their nose:(
write in a range of genres, not just academic essays
What genres will we write about?
rewriting.
I do not think we rewrite the past, but rather bring to the forefront different thoughts and experiences that would align with our ideal future. And when our idea of the future changes, or when we get to the future and it is not what we expected, we change the thoughts at the forefront once more; therefore, are our stories are never going to be completely accurate.
remember something and when they’re asked to imagine an event that hasn’t happened ye
We construct the future based on, and as a result of (due to prediction), the past.
I would want to see people do a good job of not trying to leave stuff out because they can’t make it fit,”
Our life stories could never be like written stories in a book because unlike the author, we are not completely in control of our own destiny. There are external factors we have absolutely no control over which allows for unpredictability. To the contrary, an author has complete control of what they write when creating a book.
they’re not willing to listen to yours.”
If you're not willing to listen to others' narratives, then you're robbing yourself of so many experiences that can lead you to understanding others. If you're not allowing yourself understand others, then I feel you haven't truly connected to people. People may be able to connect with you through you telling your narrative, but you cannot connect to them.
see themselves as actors to a certain degree.
I think this is a way of saying that we must possess self-awareness. We must be able to understand when we are playing a role and not being ourselves. If we don't live truthfully, then our life story is not the truth.
So that’s meaningful in understanding who you are,
Understanding the meaning of things will not always result in a positive, but is essential for growth. You cannot change what has happened to you, but you can grow through understanding.
they stigmatize anyone who doesn't follow them to a T, and provide unrealistic expectations of happiness for those who do.
This is why some may be afraid to share their story (because it does not properly align with what society expects everyone to do).
rehearsal strengthens connections between some pieces of information in your mind and diminishes connections between others
But can rehearsing the telling of a story provide for more time to understand our lives and make connections so that we are more equipped to tell a meaningful story and, as a result, make better connections between others?
Things are lost on 8-year-olds that a 40-year-old picks up, and things that an 8-year-old found compelling and interesting will just bore a 40-year-old to tears sometimes.”
As we age, we acquire abilities needed to understand stories. If we can understand and appreciate a story told in a book, then do we also develop the ability to understand and appreciate the life stories of others?
Pretty much from birth, people are “actors.”
It is ironic that McAdams draws this comparison because all three of these roles are responsible for telling a story: an actor on stage, an agent in a report, and an author in a book.
and that being able to spin a good yarn has social value.
This is extrinsic motivation. Telling a story for appeal, to seem interesting, and to be socially accepted.
the development process gives priority to things like walking, talking, and object permanence.
Our developmental process as human beings is a life story in itself. We go through several stages of cognitive development, according to Piaget, and they can all be explained by our neural development. Toddlers cannot understand comparison, effect, and time because their brains are not fully developed. These stages have meaning.
in order to hold onto our experience, we need to make meaning out of it,
I think a huge part of being able to make meaning of our experiences is to be truly present and in the moment when that experience is occurring.
Storytelling, then—fictional or nonfictional, realistic or embellished with dragons—is a way of making sense of the world around us
Just as telling the story of our life is a way to make sense of the events that have occurred.
logical
We don't always know why bad things happen until long after they occur and we have time to reflect and understand the meaning of them. Life's events may seem illogical sometimes. We don't know why people do what they do until we know them. And how do we get to know people? By talking to them and sharing parts about our lives. So until we understand each other, we cannot understand the bad things that happen to us.
it’s hard to be a human being and have relationships without having some version of a life story floating around.
We tell parts of our story because that is partially how we get to know people. The people we've met, experiences we've encountered, and the lives we've lived as a result all shape who we are and can help explain our behavior.
normal
What defines "normal?"
Some people write in their diaries and are very introspective, and some people are not at all
These differences result in how we tell are stories. Are those who are more introspective more likely to tell a story with a narrative arc, whether it's truthful or not? And are those who are not introspective less likely to tell a life story with a narrative arc or more likely to lie and tell a narrative arc?
A life story doesn’t just say what happened, it says why it was important, what it means for who the person is, for who they’ll become, and for what happens next.
"What is the meaning of life?" This is a question that we are constantly asking ourselves, but the answer is right in front of us. Our life stories are not a strict, chronological account of the events that occurred, though it may feel like we are stuck in a routine most times. Our life stories should be formed with the intent of relaying the meanings of our experiences and what we learned from them. If we learn from our mistakes, we can create a better future for ourselves and as a result, progress toward self-actualization. The meaning of life is dependent upon whether we understand why things happen to us. It seems as though there are several meanings to life, and they all lie within our life stories (assuming that they are told with truthfulness).
Life stories do not simply reflect personality. They are personality
If we tell a fabricated life story, then our personalities are fabricated as well.
In telling the story of how you became who you are, and of who you're on your way to becoming, the story itself becomes a part of who you are.
A good example of this is social media. We can tell our story through these apps and often times people only post what they want you to see. Each account is a step into someone's life and their narrative arc. A social media account can become a part of who you are with constantly checking the feed, posting new material, and creating a reality that may not accurately represent one's life. Which then leads me to believe, does the telling of one's life story actually become part of who you are? Or have you told the story of a life that is not yours?
the way people choose to tell the stories of their lives,
I think people choose to tell the story of their life with a narrative arc because it is natural to crave a meaningful, fulfilling life, and according to Freud's pyramid of motivation, human beings are ultimately striving for self-actualization (reaching their highest potential). These desires could be motivated intrinsically or extrinsically, which is why the word "choose" could either mean that one chooses to tell one's true life story, or choose to embellish it to resemble a narrative arc. But I think the telling of one's true life story could just so happen to have a narrative arc because that person might feel deeply about those in their life and care about the things that happen to them, so they tell it with emotion and passion, which is often times how some of the best stories are written. But if they are extrinsically motivated (looking for an external reward, such as being well-known) then they may "choose" to tell their life story with a narrative arc for appeal (extrinsic motivating factor).