Is it possible that there are at least some specific social issues on which the library definitely should take an explicit and non-neutral position? This is where things get tough. For example, virtually all of us who work in libraries would, I’m sure, agree that racism is bad, and should be opposed. Shouldn’t the library take a firm position against racism? And how about child abuse, or sexism? How can the library fail to take a stance against these things? Few, if any, would say “racism is a good thing.” But reasonable people might disagree as to whether a particular book is racist. There’s a problem here, though, and that is that the population any library serves will not uniformly agree on how things like racism, sexism, and child abuse should be defined—and depending on how they are defined, there may be a variety of differing viewpoints held by reasonable and well-informed people. Few, if any, would say “racism is a good thing.” But reasonable people might disagree as to whether a particular book or group is racist. So while the library might wisely avoid collecting books that celebrate racism as such, it might also reasonably collect books that some members of its community consider to be examples of racism. (And depending on its mission, it might actively collect racist books for educational purposes.) On the issue of child abuse, a library might reasonably collect books that argue against any kind of corporal punishment for children and shelve them alongside books that argue in favor of corporal punishment — not because the library is neutral on the issue of child abuse, but because it declines to take an organizational stance on the question of whether corporal punishment necessarily constitutes child abuse.

In some ways neutrality in the library is clearly a very bad idea — and yet in some important ways, it’s absolutely essential.

Recently, a librarian posted an ­­­image to the Storytime Underground Facebook page sharing the Black Lives Matter (BLM) book display she created in her teen space, partly inspired by a BLM list created by a Hennepin County (MN) librarian. Several librarians commended the effort and posted about similar displays.

I argue that neutrality has a precise and essential meaning: We do not deny access to library services and resources. We do not seek to silence people on the basis of their backgrounds or beliefs.

A qualitative metric is based on opinion or human judgment, such as user satisfaction with the library’s open hours, or whether a user thinks it is easy to navigate the library’s online catalog (OPAC). We often gather this information through online surveys or in-person interviews or focus groups. Qualitative metrics help us understand whether we are meeting program and service goals, and where we need to make changes.

Members of the youngest adult generation are also more likely than their elders to have used library websites.

Working at a large shelter for most of my career, I have heard a lot of complaints about homeless individuals from nonhomeless individuals. Sometimes the complaints are valid, and sometimes they are utterly ridiculous. I once had a guy at a neighborhood meeting shout at me for 15 minutes that it was unfair that he had to “see those people.” Some individuals feel that they are entitled to never witness the effects of poverty.

Richard Kreimer, a 42-year-old homeless man, was a problem patron for the Morristown (N.J) library. He was kicked out repeatedly for staring at patrons, following patrons around, speaking loudly and belligerently, and smelling very bad. He sued. The library lost the case at the trial court, with the judge saying, “If we wish to shield our eyes and noses from the homeless, we should revoke their condition, not their library cards.” The appellate court overturned the trial court, ruling in favor of the library—but not before the library’s insurance company had settled for $80,000.

We have another rule that violence is not permitted. If one resident punches another resident, staffers do not have the authority to send the aggressor off to bed with a firm scolding. This is a red rule. The puncher is expelled.

Guard against panic in your library. It is contagious. After something bad happens in your community (or in the news), people become unreasonably fearful. Suddenly they are terrified of something that has the same statistical likelihood as being eaten by a shark.

For example, Hesed House has a rule that residents are not allowed to arrive later than 10 p.m. It is a blue rule. If someone shows up at 10:30 p.m. during a blizzard, I expect staffers to ignore the rule. If they don’t, someone could literally die.

In the last two decades, I have met tens of thousands of homeless individuals. I have talked to individuals on the day they became homeless and the day they moved into their own apartments. I have laughed with some homeless individuals and cried with others. I have sat with women who had just returned to the shelter after being raped. I have broken up more fights than I can count and had a knife pulled on me (only once, thankfully). Working with difficult homeless individuals is hard. Managing people who work with difficult homeless individuals is harder. There are two equally challenging problems:

That night—like every other night—there was only one staff person on duty. He was responsible for 200–250 individuals scattered throughout the 45,000-square-foot building.

Somehow, the police found her and her children and drove them to Hesed House in Aurora, Illinois—the second largest homeless shelter in the state and the largest outside of Chicago.

It was 3 a.m. A woman struggling to carry her three children—a newborn and twin toddlers in car seats—shuffled along an urban bicycle trail during the first thunderstorm of the season. Her days-old C-section incision was infected. Every flash of lightning must have thrown ghastly shadows. Every thunderclap and gust of wind probably made her feel like even the elements were conspiring against her.

Companies with formal mentorship programs see the representation of minorities increase by 9% to 24%.18 Mentors naturally want their mentees to succeed, regardless of demographics. For underrepresented groups, it is common to feel alone and question whether you “belong” in a predominately White profession.

Every search committee should include members from underrepresented groups.

Strip certain identifiers from applications. A study found that Whites receive 50% more calls for interviews than Black job candidates with the exact same resumes. The only difference was the candidate’s name. Some companies delete any identifiers (i.e., names) from resumes before reviewing them.13

It has also posed some troubling ethical questions. Public attention was drawn to these questions by reported abuses of human subjects in biomedical experiments, especially during the Second World War. During the Nuremberg War Crime Trials, the Nuremberg code was drafted as a set of standards for judging physicians and scientists who had conducted biomedical experiments on concentration camp prisoners. This code became the prototype of many later codes[1] intended to assure that research involving human subjects would be carried out in an ethical manner.

Scientific research has produced substantial social benefits.

National Commission for the Protection of Human Subjects of Biomedical and Behavioral Research

It is the outgrowth of an intensive four-day period of discussions that were held in February 1976 at the Smithsonian Institution's Belmont Conference Center supplemented by the monthly deliberations of the Commission that were held over a period of nearly four years. It is a statement of basic ethical principles and guidelines that should assist in resolving the ethical problems that surround the conduct of research with human subjects

You are a college student heading into your junior year. You just moved into your own apartment. Make a budget plan that you can use to reach your savings goal. You currently work 14 hours a week making $14.50 an hour. You pay $400 in rent, about $150 in bills, and $125 in groceries every month. You do splurge on fast food delivery– probably another $100 a month. Your TV and music subscriptions are also $50 a month. The budget should be manageable for a full-time student looking to save $4,000 in 6 months for a trip to California. Breakdown Context: "The budget should be manageable for a full-time student looking to save $4,000 in 6 months for a trip to California" Output: "Make a budget plan"  Role: "You are a college student heading into your junior year"  Example: "You currently work 14 hours a week making $14.50 an hour. You pay $400 in rent, about $150 in bills, and $125 in groceries every month. You do splurge on fast food delivery– probably another $100 a month. Your TV and music subscriptions are also $50 a month."

Researchers must avoid discriminatory or biased selection of research subjects.  For instance, historically and before regulation, many of the riskiest medical procedures were tested on disenfranchised populations like the mentally unwell, impoverished, or imprisoned, who lacked the power to protest their exploitation.  Conversely, researchers must avoid the appearance of favoritism by offering preferred positions in promising studies to only certain privileged populations.

In June, a fifth-grade teacher in Georgia was fired

For indexing or cataloging support, a taxonomy, better known as a controlled vocabulary in this context, is a list of agreed-on terms for the human indexing or cataloging of multiple documents and/or for indexing performed by multiple indexers, to ensure consistency.

All MLIS students must obtain a copy of the 7th edition of the Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association. This publication will help you structure your writing artifacts (e.g., research papers), write clearly and concisely, follow grammatical rules, and appropriately attribute source material. The Department of Library and Information Science values and expects quality, graduate-level writing.

From the standpoint of general effectiveness in searching, it is clear, on reflection, however, that, other things being equal, the searcher with the widest range of search strategies available is the searcher with the greatest retrieval power.

In 1651, the English philosopher Thomas Hobbes became one of the first scholars to comment on foragers, describing their lifestyle as “nasty, brutish, and short.” We now realize that his viewpoint was colored by ethnocentrism and, more specifically, Eurocentrism.

Let me start by sharing with you my definition of ASL:

Whiteness cannot be discussed without acknowledging the significance of race in the United States.

Outside of the historically black tradition, an additional 15% of African-Americans are members of evangelical denominations, such as the Southern Baptist Convention or Assemblies of God, and 4% are members of mainline denominations, such as the Disciples of Christ. Overall, the membership of historically black Protestant denominations is 92% black, while African-Americans make up relatively small portions of the membership of evangelical (6%) and mainline (2%) churches.

Before Lil Nas can reach Ganymede, however, a pole emerges from below; Lil Nas’ fingers curl around it, and he sails downward to hell. At the bottom, he lands in a red and black landscape that Betancourt says is indebted to both gothic traditions of architecture that were omnipresent during the rise of medieval Christianity and Disney’s more recent conception of the Middle Ages in films like Maleficent. As Lil Nas walks up to the devil on his throne, he passes a phrase in Latin that states, “They condemn what they do not understand.”

When word of its actions reached the news media, the board issued a press release that characterized the books as "anti-American, anti-Christian, anti-Semitic and just plain filthy." They said the books contained "obscenities, blasphemies, brutality and perversion beyond description," and concluded that "it is our duty, our moral obligation, to protect the children in our schools from this moral danger as surely as from physical and medical dangers."

the most often challenged were those in the Harry Potter series, for its focus on wizardry and magic and "Satanic influence."

Classic literature such as Mark Twain's The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn and John Steinbeck's Of Mice and Men were among the top 10 most frequently challenged books from 1990 to 2000

My ADHD comes in the form of hyperfixation. This includes what I read, so my current genre fixation is omegaverse romance. I love to learn about everything, especially when I come across something I don’t know anything about or know how to do. I also absolutely love to craft (my garage is its own Hobby Lobby). Currently, my crafting fixation is on bookmarks — but I just recently saw a how-to video on bookbinding, so I have a feeling I’m going to be turning my paperbacks into one-of-a-kind hardbacks very soon.

The Aché, a foraging group living in the subtropical rainforest in Paraguay, eat 33 different kinds of mammals, more than 15 species of fish, the adult forms of 5 insects, 10 types of larvae, and at least 14 kinds of honey. This is in addition to finding and collecting 40 species of plants.[5] The !Kung foragers, who live in the Kalahari Desert in southern Africa, treasure the mongongo nut, which is tasty, high in protein, and abundant for most of the year, but they also hunt giraffes, six species of antelope, and many kinds of smaller game like porcupine.[6]

Many of the foods regularly eaten by foragers, such as insects and worms, would not necessarily be considered edible by many people in the United States.

Foraging societies tend to have what is called a broad spectrum diet: a diet based on a wide range of resources

Even the announcement of Jesus’s birth is a confrontation with empire. When the angel tells Mary that her child will be called “Son of the Most High,” it sounds poetic to our ears.

Nazareth was the kind of place people mocked: “Can anything good come from there?”

I started hanging around Episcopalians and Anglicans before those terms

Many of the rest of the world’s languages are spoken by a few thousand people, or even just a few hundred, and most of them are threatened with extinction, called language death. It has been predicted that by the end of this century up to 90 percent of the languages spoken today will be gone

It can include family members of deaf people or anyone else who associates with deaf people, as long as the community accepts them. Especially important, members of Deaf culture are expected to be competent communicators in the sign language of the culture. In fact, there have been profoundly deaf people who were not accepted into the local Deaf community because they could not sign. In some deaf schools, at least in the United States, the practice has been to teach deaf children how to lip read and speak orally, and to prevent them from using a signed system.

the song was originally written as a minstrel song satirizing Black participation in northern winter activities.[2]

For example, television in general may be functional in that it provides a great deal of information to people, helps fuel consumption, and stresses certain values, but it may be dysfunctional in that it portrays some types of people in negative roles, suggests that the world is more violent than it really is, and creates feelings of anxiety and discontent in people who cannot afford all of the good (and bad) things advertised on television. Functional analysis has a conservative bias in that it emphasizes the maintenance and stability of society instead of focusing on changes that might be made.

We do a great disservice to narratives of struggle by glossing over the ways in which our own supposed allies often betray us and the cause.

According to NPR, Elizabeth Cady Stanton, one the most prominent suffragettes at the time, was opposed to integration with Black people and thought that Black men were the greatest threat to women’s rights

President Trump’s library foundation expects to raise about $50 million this year, according to a regulatory filing in Florida — a total that would far outpace what other recent presidents pulled in during their first year of fund-raising for such complexes.

Porter says in his book that the US has “the most meager social safety net in the club of advanced nations” because so many White Americans have been persuaded to oppose government programs that, while helping them, also help what they consider to be undeserving Black and brown people.

What about those who may have heard of Jesus, but did not really understand who He was and is or what He taught? What about all the babies and children who die without ever hearing or understanding the name and message of Jesus?

Globally, 2025 is on track to be the second- or third-hottest year on record, part of a decade that witnessed the hottest 10 years on record, according to the World Meteorological Organization.

It was a sharp counterpoint to President Trump, who has called climate change a “con job” and attacked global efforts to transition away from coal, oil and gas.

Debt obviously drives people into the poverty that we’ve already established as a killer; that debt can inspire suicide even before the class slippage simply speaks to how thoroughly we’ve internalized the core tenet of neoliberalism: Everyone for themselves and woe (and humiliation) unto those who cannot take care of themselves

Our catholic heritage comes from Celtic and Roman missionaries to the British Isles, founding a distinct “Church of England.”

Information about the prison system is limited, and policy makers and voters are shaping the lives of incarcerated people without their input.

Émile Durkheim, one of the most important sociological theorists and one of the founding fathers of French sociology, offers an important insight into the relationship that exists between individuals and societies. An individual’s intellectual activity is not as rich or as complex as a society’s intellectual activity, because a society’s thought is enriched by historical tradition. Durkheim points out that the individual has a complex relationship to society. In his classic study The Elementary Forms of the Religious Life, Durkheim (1915/1965) writes about this relationship:There are two beings in him: an individual being which has its foundation in the organism and the circle of whose activities is therefore strictly limited, and a social being which represents the highest reality in the intellectual and moral order that we can know by observation—I mean society. This duality of our nature has as its consequence in the practical order, the irreducibility of a moral ideal to a utilitarian motive, and in the order of thought, the irreducibility of reason to individual experience. In so far as he belongs to society, the individual transcends himself, both when he thinks and when he acts. (p. 29)

It is useful to differentiate sociology from other social sciences, such as anthropology, political science, and psychology

The move defied calls from congressional Democrats and Republicans alike, who wanted to see the White House protect the poor in the event that the shutdown continued for weeks longer.

It also remained unclear when food stamp recipients would actually receive their aid. The Trump administration had previously warned that it could take weeks to provision benefits on a partial basis, further underscoring the consequences of its budgetary decision on Monday.

Mr. Milei is an enthusiastic supporter of Mr. Trump and the MAGA movement, and his fortunes are seen by the Trump administration as a way to bolster American influence in South America and counter China’s push into the region.

Under immigration rules, ICE officials should have made him available for his scheduled hearing before an immigration judge, where he would have had the chance to contest his deportation. The judge would have decided whether to allow a deportation, which can be triggered by a violation of immigration law, such as entering the country illegally.

The election was also in many ways a referendum on Mr. Wilders and his party. Mr. Wilders has said he wants to end immigration from Muslim countries, tax head scarves and ban the Quran. His party, known as the PVV, has also called for a halt to asylum.

Correlation is not causation

Although a handful of left-wing voices have participated in debates for some time, few, if any, have had the same reach as their conservative counterparts.

About 20 people, including children, died in the Haitian community of Petit-Goâve as a result of the storm, according to Ronald Louis, a technical manager for the Municipal Civil Protection Committee. Sudden floods pushed the Digue River over its banks around 4 a.m. on Wednesday, flooding more than 160 homes, he said. Another dozen people remain missing.

Roofs flew off buildings and houses collapsed in urban and rural areas, said the governor of Cuba’s Granma Province, Yanetsy Terry Gutiérrez. She described an “interminable” night and morning and shared photos on social media of an uprooted tree, a swollen river and buildings partially submerged in muddy floodwaters.

There were many different pre-cinematic devices using light sources to project images that paved the way for cinema— from the camera obscura as early as the 6th century to the magic lantern in the 18th century. The camera obscura, also often known as a pinhole camera, was basically a box with a hole on its side that reproduced a naturally occurring optical illusion. Light from an image set in front of the camera obscura passes through the hole, reproducing and inverting the image within the opposite surface inside the pinhole camera. The magic lantern, on the other hand, was one of the earliest projectors of images onto a ‘screen’ or wall. It used a concave mirror to project light from a light source through a rectangular sheet of glass or paper containing the image to be screened. A lens at the front of the lantern would then focus the image.

The U.S. is an outlier among wealthy nations for not having a universal healthcare system.

The ruling class, according to this theory, propagates an ideology that justifies its status and makes it difficult for ordinary people to recognize that they are being exploited and victimized.

China is nominally a communist country, and so is Vietnam, but in reality both have market-oriented capitalist economies

This is not to say that there were no Marxists; rather, the Marxists were always “voices crying in the wilderness”—not very many people paid heed to these voices or took them seriously.

Von Franz suggests that the anima has a positive side, however, that enables men to do such things as find the right marriage partners and explore their inner values, leading them to more profound insights into their own psyches. The animus functions in much the same way for women. It is formed, von Franz suggests, essentially by the woman’s father, and can have positive and negative influences. It can lead to coldness, obstinacy, and hypercritical behavior, but, conversely, it can help a woman to develop inner strength, to take an enterprising approach to life, and to relate to men in positive ways.

This explains, Jungians argue, why myths are universal and certain themes and motifs are found in works of art throughout history and everywhere in the world. Jung’s notions about archetypes, the collective unconscious, and the universality of myths, I should add, are very controversial, and many psychologists and others take issue with them. It is impossible to demonstrate, for instance, that a collective unconscious actually exists.

The “cost” of civilization is generally too great for us; we are forced to renounce too much (especially our sexuality), and we suffer from too much guilt.

Men are not gentle creatures who want to be loved

Hollywood has been called a “dream factory,”

This is where symbols (which I’ve already discussed) come in—they allow us to sneak “forbidden” material past our internal censors

we don’t allow ourselves to dream about certain things

Dreams are understood to be the hallucinatory fulfillment of irrational wishes and particularly sexual wishes which have originated in our early childhood and have not been fully transformed into reaction formations or sublimations. These wishes are expressed as being fulfilled when our conscious control is weakened, as is the case in sleep. (p. 67)

Texts that feature the police or have religious messages are obviously superego texts.

The poor ego tries to mediate between the two—between the desire for pleasure and the fear of punishment, between the drives and the conscience.

contests are held in which entrants compete to produce the most ridiculous imitation of Hemingway’s writing style

Oedipus kills his father, Laius,” “Oedipus marries his mother,” and “Oedipus immolates the Sphinx

He has done a great deal of work (much of it highly controversial) on myths, kinship systems, and related matters

Faces, they argue, are “windows” into our emotional states, which play an important part in our social lives.

When we “read” people, either in real life or in mass-mediated texts such as advertisements, commercials, and films, we pay a great deal of attention to things like their hairstyles, the brands of sunglasses, clothing, accessories and shoes they wear, and their body ornaments.

Semiotics is of great interest to marketers, who use it in an effort to understand the way consumers think and what goes on in their minds when they contemplate purchasing a product or service. Branding has now become a major way in which companies get people to purchase their products. Rob Walker (2008) deals with the role of brands in his book Buying In: What We Buy and Who We Are. He attacks the notion that the new generations somehow “see through” advertising and are immune to it. He writes:Everybody sees right through traditional advertising. You’d have to be an idiot not to recognize that you’re being pitched to when watching a thirty-second commercial. (p. 110)

The meanings in signs, and in texts (which can be viewed as collections of signs), are not always (or even often) evident; they have to be elicited.

The assumption that society is the result of individuals, each acting in accordance with self-interest, is the very basis of utilitarianism.… Saussure, Durkheim, and Freud seem to have recognized that this view gets things the wrong way around. For human beings, society is a primary reality, not just the sum of individual activities… and if one wishes to study human behavior, one must grant that there is a social reality.… In short, linguistics and psychoanalytic psychology are possible only when one takes the meanings which are attached to and differentiate objects and actions in society as a primary reality. (p. 87)

I’m not sure whether semiotics is a subject, a movement, a philosophy, or a cultlike religion.

The murder trial of three former guards in the videotaped beating of an inmate at an upstate prison was part of a remarkable prosecution that put New York’s culture of incarceration on trial.

One of 3 Prison Guards Is Convicted in Fatal Beating Caught on Video

In prisons, where people’s bodies are already physically constrained, all that is left to confine is their minds and spirits. If we, as a profession, are going to be advocates for intellectual freedom, then our advocacy must be extended to all and to those who have been stripped of their most basic human rights: incarcerated people.

“[Prisons censor] the things that you would probably think about as most threatening — materials that might enhance violence or maybe encourage some other sorts of subversive behavior,”

Cultural violence makes direct and struc-tural violence look, even feel, right - or atleast not wro

tars, crosses andcrescents; flags, anthems and militaryparades; the ubiquitous portrait of theLeader; inflammatory speeches and posters -all these come to mind.

Kemi Badenoch, leader of Britain’s opposition Conservative Party, wrote on social media that people were “murdered simply for being Jews.” Ms. Badenoch noted that the attack came on a day when Jews “ask themselves — where have we gone wrong in the past, and what do we need to do to be better in the future.”

Though the police described the assault as a terrorist attack

“We’re not targeting federal agencies based on politics,” he told reporters at a briefing on Wednesday

Senator Patty Murray of Washington, the top Democrat on the chamber’s appropriations panel, faulted the White House for using federal workers as bargaining chips, and questioned the legality of any firings conducted while the government remains closed.“It is unprecedented and irresponsible for the president of the United States to threaten innocent people rather than coming to work with us to negotiate an agreement to get government open,” Ms. Murray said.

the University of Cambridge accepted her into its doctoral program in 1961 without an undergraduate degree. She was awarded her doctorate in 1965.

Valerie Jane Morris-Goodall

Tanzania in 1978 designated the Gombe Stream Reserve a national park.

A recent Pew Research Center poll highlights the extent of the problem. The majority of Americans now prioritize news sources that align with their political views, effectively allowing the audience to define what constitutes "news."

Kirk’s death came in an atmosphere of growing threats and violence against political figures on both sides of the aisle, from Trump to Pennsylvania Gov. Josh Shapiro to state lawmakers in Minnesota.

“No one understood or had the Heart of the Youth in the United States of America better than Charlie. He was loved and admired by ALL, especially me, and now, he is no longer with us. Melania and my Sympathies go out to his beautiful wife Erika, and family. Charlie, we love you!” Trump added.

Important/TLDR Warning: Syllabi can be long, but they are important: read all, below (includes information on extra credit, late 'freebies,' dropped discussions, classroom policies, and more).

A familiar example of an oppressed ethnic group with a distinctive dialect is African-Americans. They have a unique history among minorities in the United States, with their centuries-long experience as captive slaves and subsequent decades under Jim Crow laws. (These laws restricted their rights after their emancipation from slavery.) With the Civil Rights Acts of 1964 and 1968 and other laws, African-Americans gained legal rights to access public places and housing, but it is not possible to eliminate racism and discrimination only by passing laws; both still exist among the white majority. It is no longer “politically correct” to openly express racism, but it is much less frowned upon to express negative attitudes about African-American Vernacular English (AAVE). Typically, it is not the language itself that these attitudes are targeting; it is the people who speak it

In the United States such groups are frequently referred to as “races,” but there is no such thing as biological race, and this misconception has historically led to racism and discrimination. Because of the social implications and biological inaccuracy of the term “race,” it is often more accurate and appropriate to use the terms ethnicity or ethnic group

all African-Americans do not speak an African-American dialect.

Among the societies living in the islands of Oceania in the Pacific, fish have great economic and cultural importance. This is reflected in the rich vocabulary that describes all aspects of the fish and the environments that islanders depend on for survival. For example, in Palau there are about 1,000 fish species and Palauan fishermen knew, long before biologists existed, details about the anatomy, behavior, growth patterns and habitat of most of them—in many cases far more than modern biologists know even today. Much of fish behavior is related to the tides and the phases of the moon. Throughout Oceania, the names given to certain days of the lunar months reflect the likelihood of successful fishing. For example, in the Caroline Islands, the name for the night before the new moon is otolol, which means “to swarm.” The name indicates that the best fishing days cluster around the new moon. In Hawai`i and Tahiti two sets of days have names containing the particle `ole or `ore; one occurs in the first quarter of the moon and the other in the third quarter. The same name is given to the prevailing wind during those phases. The words mean “nothing,” because those days were considered bad for fishing as well as planting.

There is nothing inherently better or worse in either pronunciation; it depends entirely on the social norms of the community.

He found 1) that the responders in the two stores differed overall in their pronunciation of this sound, and 2) that the same person may differ between situations of less and more self-consciousness (first versus second answer). That is, people in the upscale store tended to pronounce the /r/, and responders in both stores tended to produce the standard pronunciation more in their second answers in an effort to sound “higher class.” These results showed that the pronunciation or deletion of /r/ in New York correlates with both social status and context.[4]

Non-standard varieties of English, also known as vernaculars, are usually distinguished from the standard by their inclusion of such stigmatized forms as multiple negatives, the use of the verb form ain’t (which was originally the normal contraction of am not, as in “I ain’t,” comparable to “you aren’t,” or “she isn’t”); pronunciation of words like this and that as dis and dat; pronunciation of final “–ing” as “–in;” and any other feature that grammarians have decreed as “improper” English.

Those eighteenth-century grammarians said we must use either don’t or no, but not both, that is, “I don’t have any money” or “I have no money.” They based this on a mathematical rule that says that two negatives make a positive.

Aspasia and Pericles had a son, Pericles the Younger, born no later than 440/39 BC.[e][28] At the time of Pericles the Younger's birth, Pericles had two legitimate sons, Paralus and Xanthippus

She has continued to be a subject of both visual and literary artists until the present. From the twentieth century, she has been portrayed as both a sexualised and sexually liberated woman, and as a feminist role model fighting for women's rights in ancient Athens.

Though Aspasia is one of the best-attested women from the Greco-Roman world, and the most important woman in the history of fifth-century Athens, almost nothing is certain about her life.

If you know something to be true, but are incapable of persuading others, then it is hard for this knowledge to be put to use.

In Ancient Greece, the idea of rhetoric was always under suspicion. And a female rhetorician was perhaps doubly suspect

This is how she came into contact with the philosopher Socrates, who — according to the account left by Plato — regarded her as his teacher.

In 1922, Rose worked with the ALA to organize a group of librarians to exchange ideas and discuss issues of working with African Americans.[2]

She emphasized programs that would help immigrants adjust to a new country rather than programs design to "Americanize" them, as was the norm at the time.[2]

Andrews was born on Tuesday, May 21, 1901

Their shared aims are to protect against the inequities and casualties of the market economy through government regulation and (to a greater or lesser extent) public ownership, establish fair labor practices, expand public investment, defend human rights, and pursue social and environmental justice at home and abroad.

Our wide range of hands-on learning courses offer students the opportunity to put their theory into practice through for-credit Professional Experiences and paid Co-op experience.

You may have heard of Zora Neale Hurston or Bessie Smith—but do you know of Georgia Douglas Johnson? Augusta Savage? Nella Larsen? These—and dozens more—were women of the Harlem Renaissance.

Anderson outlived virtually all of the other members of the Harlem Renaissance.

Throughout, Anderson kept focused on her job. She would later write that she saw “the use of books as our strongest means of promoting intercultural understanding.

Another frequent guest was Carl Van Vechten, a white writer and photographer; after he published a controversial book with a racist title based on his experiences there, he was apparently kicked out.

“I always considered myself an American. I don’t know what else I could be,” she explained to her interviewer. “To us you’re not an American,” he replied. “You’re not white.”

although Anderson doesn’t show up in many contemporary accounts of the period, she was there the whole time: lending out books, throwing parties, fighting for opportunities of her own, and enabling the spread of ideas that made the era what it was.

On a typical day in 1923 or 1924, Anderson might leave her desk at the 135th Street Branch of the New York Public Library and drop a letter to W.E.B. Du Bois in the mailbox. She may go home to her apartment on St. Nicholas Avenue to check up on her couchsurfer, Zora Neale Hurston. Or she might hit the town with Countee Cullen, and then finish out the night cooking bacon and eggs for Langston Hughes.

ou might not know about Regina Anderson, but you’ve probably heard of many of her friends

The next year, she was one of ten African Americans to be honored for her contributions at the 1939 World’s Fair in New York City.

Why is mob murder permitted by a Christian nation?

I think what Black Arts did was inspire a whole lot of Black people to write. Moreover, there would be no multiculturalism movement without Black Arts. Latinos, Asian Americans, and others all say they began writing as a result of the example of the 1960s. Blacks gave the example that you don’t have to assimilate. You could do your own thing, get into your own background, your own history, your own tradition and your own culture. I think the challenge is for cultural sovereignty and Black Arts struck a blow for that.

I think what Black Arts did was inspire a whole lot of Black people to write. Moreover, there would be no multiculturalism movement without Black Arts. Latinos, Asian Americans, and others all say they began writing as a result of the example of the 1960s. Blacks gave the example that you don’t have to assimilate. You could do your own thing, get into your own background, your own history, your own tradition and your own culture. I think the challenge is for cultural sovereignty and Black Arts struck a blow for that.

The Bamana originated as a royal section of the Mandinka people.

However, even this effort faced resistance. The library system insisted that she include Little Black Sambo, a book that Baker personally despised for its racist imagery

One of her earliest and most significant contributions was curating a list of books that positively portrayed Black life. Part of what she’s known for is that she said, “I don’t like these books that I’m reading to my children in Harlem. They’re not representative of everyday life and the everyday joy.”

“When you have Black women who grew up under Jim Crow and had a disability, not including disability in their narrative is shameful. It’s shameful on us. It doesn’t give a full-circle understanding of who they are, and it shows our lack of comfortability of connecting disability to these people,” Thompson said.

Baker immediately recognized the damaging effects of these misrepresentations and set out to address them.

A pioneer for Black librarianship, she was the first Black person to earn a B.S. in library and information studies from SUNY Albany.

Skim through the middle of the article and look for a statement of research methodology, and any visuals presented. What are the method(s) for collecting evidence or answering the article’s research question?

Do you highlight and make notes in the text?

Do you read start to finish?

Learning to efficiently read research and scholarly writing is a skill that will help greatly with managing your time and workflow. Instead of spending time thoroughly reading every word in dense scholarly articles, learn to strategically approach reading to pull out the most relevant pieces of the writing, and quickly evaluate a source’s overall methodology and approach. This module will help you read scholarly writing more efficiently. There are many different ways to go about reading, and no one technique will work for everyone. With time and practice, these strategic reading techniques will get easier and more natural.

Their decisions invariably favored the dialect spoken by the aristocracy.

Although it started as a feature of California English, it has spread all across the country, and even to many young second-language speakers of English. It’s, like, totally awesome dude!

it's the even more hierarchical structures of the Catholic church that causes Cheek to wonder whether Catholics will ever allow women priests. "It has such a different polity from ours," she said, "that it's hard to imagine how it could." The change in Episcopal church law allowing ordination of women as priests was one that "the House of Deputies (half clergy, half laity) and the House of Bishops both voted for." Catholicism is missing that more democratic structure, she said, and thus it will be harder to make the change. "But," she added, "if a pope were elected who was passionate about it, who knows what would happen?" As Jefferts Schori looks toward the possibility of Catholic female priests, she has concluded, "I don't think it's going to happen in my lifetime. The Orthodox may get there before the Romans do.

Heyward praises much of the tone and approach Pope Francis has set. But when it comes to women's issues, she said, "he does not seem to be all that -- I don't know what word to use but I'm going to use the word -- aware that there really are significant problems in Christian tradition and especially in Catholic tradition when it comes to the role and place of women."

One of the Philadelphia 11, Carter Heyward, now retired from teaching at the Episcopal Divinity School in Cambridge, Mass., told NCR that there is "kind of a glass ceiling effect in the church." That, she said, has to do with a common attitude that, "yes, there can be women priests in the Episcopal church, but how many do we actually want?" Beyond that, she said, some congregations worry that they'll become known as places who hire only female priests.

Although, as O'Dell writes, Heyward considered the ordination the "most extraordinary and finest day" of her life, she and other surviving members of the Philadelphia 11, as well as women ordained later, have not remained frozen in that turbulent time of Watergate just before Richard Nixon's resignation. Rather, they have continued to respond to changing theological ideas and needs in a church that's often been near the front of such social movements as equal rights for the lesbian, gay, bisexual and transgender community.

Born on June 29, 1832, in Lebanon, Rafqa was urged by her relatives to marry at the age of 14

The Aja speak a language known as Aja-Gbe, or simply 'Aja'; only 1-5% are literate in their native tongue. According to one source, voodoo originated with the Aja

“[n]othing is more punitive than to give a disease a meaning – that meaning being invariably a moralistic one.”

The fraught relationship between Burr and Hamilton is at the center of Miranda’s show. In the opening number, Burr introduces Hamilton as a “bastard, orphan, son of a whore and a Scotsman”: lyrics derived from a contemptuous description by John Adams

There was extraordinary dramatic potential in Hamilton’s story: the characteristics that allowed him to rise also insured his fall.

For example, eye contact for Americans is highly valued as a way to show we are paying attention and as a means of showing respect. But for the Japanese, eye contact is usually inappropriate, especially between two people of different social statuses

There is plenty of evidence for this in the U.S. educational system. You might very well have had this same experience. It makes you wonder why our schools rarely offer foreign language classes before the junior high school level

Although the theory of UG is somewhat controversial

Humans think in language and do all cultural activities using language. It surrounds our every waking and sleeping moments, although we do not usually think about its importance. For that matter, humans do not think about their immersion in culture either, much as fish, if they were endowed with intelligence, would not think much about the water that surrounds them

This month, the disability community lost a visionary, artist, oracle, and impactful leader: Lois Curtis. Lois Curtis is a Black disabled woman who passed in her home at 55. If you don’t know the name Lois Curtis, please read and learn about her and the immense impact she has had in the fight for disability rights.

There is still a demand for some skilled trades that do not require a bachelor's degree, such as paralegals, police officers, mechanics, electricians, and technicians.[76][77][78]

In Alaska, the Service, as well as theState of Alaska Department of Fishand Game Subsistence Division,collect and use TEK for researchand monitoring fish populationsunder the Federal SubsistenceManagement Program

For example, during the17th century the German bornbotanist Georg Eberhard Rumphiusbenefited from local biologicalknowledge in producing hiscatalogue, Herbarium Amboinense

One of the things that art does is it can actually challenge you to think more deeply or differently about identity, how we see it, or what we actually think it is,

hile he was interviewing Inuit elders in Alaska to find out more about their knowledge of beluga whales and how the mammals might respond to the changing Arctic, researcher Henry Huntington lost track of the conversation as the hunters suddenly switched from the subject of belugas to beavers. It turned out though, that the hunters were still really talking about whales. There had been an increase in beaver populations, they explained, which had reduced spawning habitat for salmon and other fish, which meant less prey for the belugas and so fewer whales.

From Alaska to Australia, scientists are turning to the knowledge of traditional people for a deeper understanding of the natural world. What they are learning is helping them discover more about everything from melting Arctic ice, to protecting fish stocks, to controlling wildfires.

The federal government is growing larger and lessconstitutionally accountable—even to the President—every year.

By the 9th century, the influence of Christianity had spread into Celtic lands, where it gradually blended with and supplanted older Celtic rites

Look at America under the rulingand cultural elite today: Inflation is ravaging family budgets, drug overdose deathscontinue to escalate, and children suffer the toxic normalization of transgender-ism with drag queens and pornography invading their school libraries

cultural Marxism

They are inseparable because language encodes culture and provides the means through which culture is shared and passed from one generation to the next

An integrated system of mental elements (beliefs, values, worldview, attitudes, norms), the behaviors motivated by those mental elements, and the material items created by those behaviors; A system shared by the members of the society; 100 percent learned, not innate; Based on symbolic systems, the most important of which is language; Humankind’s most important adaptive mechanism, and Dynamic, constantly changing.

The problem that confronts us today, and which the nearest future is to solve, is how to be one’s self and yet in oneness with others, to feel deeply with all human beings and still retain one’s own characteristic qualities

Who is Emma Goldman – when did she live, and how was she active? (You will need to do some research for this question)

“These degrees are symbolic of a collective struggle and a collective victory that extends far beyond the individual … We knew that economic measures of degree value did not accurately reflect the significance of those degrees for us.”

And those qualities, which I believe have passed into white culture from Indian culture, are the very ones that fundamentalists, immigrants from Europe, the Middle East, and Asia often find the most reprehensible. Third- and fourth-generation Americans indulge in growing nudity, informality in social relations, egalitarianism, and the rearing of women who value autonomy, strength, freedom, and personal dignity—;and who are often derided by European, Asian, and Middle Eastern men for those qualities.

The early Americans saw the strongly protective attitude of the Indian people as a mark of their "savagery"—as they saw the Indian's habit of bathing frequently, their sexual openness, their liking for scant clothing, their raucous laughter at most things, their suspicion and derision of authoritarian structures, their quick pride, their genuine courtesy, their willingness to share what they had with others less fortunate than they, their egalitarianism, their ability to act as if various lifestyles were a normal part of living, and their granting that women were of equal or, in individual cases, of greater value than men.

Even though Indians are officially and informally ignored as intellectual movers and shapers in the United States, Britain, and Europe, they are peoples with ancient tenure on this soil. During the ages when tribal societies existed in the Americas largely untouched by patriarchal oppression, they developed elaborate systems of thought that included science, philosophy, and government based on a belief in the central importance of female energies, autonomy of individuals, cooperation, human dignity, human freedom, and egalitarian distribution of status, goods, and services. Respect for others, reverence for life, and as a by-product, pacifism as a way of life; importance of kinship ties in the customary ordering social interaction; a sense of the sacredness and mystery of existence; balance and harmony in relationships both sacred and secular were all features of life among the tribal confederacies and nations. And in,those that lived by the largest number of these principles, gynarchy was the norm rather than the exception. Those systems are as yet unmatched in any contemporary industrial, agrarian, or postindustrial society on earth.

America does not seem to remember that it derived its wealth, its values, its food, much of its medicine, and a large part of its "dream" from Native America. It is ignorant of the genesis of its culture in this Native American land, and that ignorance helps to perpetuate the long-standing European and Middle Eastern monotheistic, hierarchical, patriarchal cultures' oppression of women, gays, and lesbians, people of color, working class, unemployed people, and the elderly

They believe that the roots of oppression are to be found in the loss of tradition and memory because that loss is always accompanied by a loss of positive sense of self. In short, Indians think it is important to remember, while Americans believe it is important to forget.

This importance of tradition in the life of every member of the community is not confined to Keres Indians; all American Indian Nations place great value on traditionalism.

He was admittedly very drunk and simply not thinking straight

In beach areas, use reef safe sunscreen without harmful ingredients like oxybenzone and octinoxate, and never step on coral or stir up sediment (which can also cause damage to the ecosystem).5

Every time one of my videos is watched, an advertisement plays, and I’ll make a small percentage. We’re talking very small. But times that by the amount of people who watch my videos, and things start to ad up (pun intended).

And while it may be just a few Americans who give the rest of us a bad rap

The United States worried that the success of the Creole slaves in gaining freedom would encourage more slave revolts on merchant ships

The Bahama islands were inhabited by the Arawak and Lucayans, a branch of the Arawakan-speaking Taíno, for many centuries.[13] Christopher Columbus was the first European to see the islands, making his first landfall in the "New World" in 1492 when he landed on the island of San Salvador.

In 1950, Cleary published her first book. Henry Higgins

Linguistic anthropologists Edward Sapir and Benjamin Whorf, for instance, examined interrelationships between culture, language, and cognition. They argued that the language one speaks plays a critical role in determining how one thinks, particularly in terms of understanding time, space, and matter