These eugenic ideas and strategies were disseminated to Germany beforeWorld War II. Adolf Hitler read prominent works from American eugenicists while incarcerated in 1924 and MeinKampf incorporated these American grown ideas on eugenics to describe sterilization as the “most humane act ofmankind” (Smith & Wehmeyer, 2012). Not long after, in 1933, Germany passed an act legalizing involuntary steriliza-tion for feeblemindedness, schizophrenia, blindness, deafness, physical deformations, and epilepsy. The acceptanceof this act relied on many reprints of the German edition of the Kallikaks, the first one published in 1914, it wasreprinted 2 months before the law's implementation in November of 1933. In the following year, 32,268 peoplewere sterilized over half of these people were classified as feebleminded. The atrocities, as history documents, onlyescalated to horrific proportions from here.

Thethird era, beginning in the 1900s, was when eugenicist ideas began to define the relationship between society andthe labeled individual in the United States, as now the rhetoric of protectionism shifts away from the person andtoward the protection of society. People perceived to be intellectually disabled began to be viewed as dangerous andsociety needed to be protected from this deviance.

A tireless advocate for “idiots” he was less gen-erous toward the more capable “imbecile”

the 3 weeks of the trial, was conducted without ever making room for the man's feelings, the man'smemories, the man's desire, in short, the man's humanity.

Intellectual disability is a severely understudied topic withinpsychology. It is rarely woven into the curriculum of main-stream psychology departments and often left for other dis-ciplines to address

Skinner himself was displeased that the Brelands had shown that not all behavior was as arbitrary as Skin ner supposed it to be. Also, the offending article's tide was a humorous take-off on Skinner's 1938 book, The Behavior of Organisms. It is possible that Skin ner did not like his work being the object of a joke, albeit an inside joke. Nevertheless, the Brelands' work is an early contribution to the body of research that established the importance of ethological factors in learning (Gardner & Gardner, 1998; Seligman & Hager, 1972

Yet amid the entertainment there was an educational function to the IQZoo: Detailed information on how the ani mals were trained was included in reading material available at the site, and emphasis was placed on the absence of punishment in the training

As Supreme Commander of the Allied forces in the European theater, Dwight D. Eisenhower was rightly impressed by the German autobahn system. Later, as 34th president of the United States, he signed the Interstate Highway Act, providing federal sup port for the development of the American interstate highway system. Highway construction coincided with a postwar baby boom, and economic success, particularly among middle-class Americans, spurred automobile sales. Between 1950 and 1970 the number of vehicles per 1,000 U.S. residents increased from 260 to 430 (Bardou, Chanaron, Fridenson, & Laux, 1982, p. 197). Many of the newly purchased vehicles, as well as those already on the road, were used for traveling vacations.

. The Brelands were among the first to combine European ethology with contemporary American comparative psychology, thus uniting two fields with a somewhat adversarial history

operant theory. To their astonishment, at tempts to train certain behavioral sequences only lengthened response latencies and triggered instinc tive feeding responses.

When switched to a ratio schedule of two, the animal rubbed the two coins together, dipping them in the slot briefly, then pulling them out to rub some more. This nonrewarded behavior persisted, and the Brelands had to abandon their goal of featuring this raccoon act.

corporate skepticism about public acceptance blocked further development of the idea. It stands as an example of the Brelands' thinking ahead of their time. Rat

both personnel and development facilities to get the project off to a good start. This corporate sponsorship proved providen tial because although Skinner and his students could design and build the homing system, General Mills had the engineering expertise to integrate the homing system into a bomb

So werden die StraBen der Zukunft ausshehen."