eight elements of digital literacies, I have just mentioned the civic, critical, creative, and communicative. The other four are cultural, cognitive, constructive, and confidence. This last one is important and takes time to build.

All of the large lectures in my department are accompanied by discussion sections and, for me, the clue of what a discussion section for is in the name. But, running good discussions requires skill and experience, so one thing we need to think about when we think about improving instruction is how to equip TAs with those skills which, surprisingly often, they have not had the opportunity to observe in practice during their own undergraduate experience and which, typically, they have not practiced before becoming a TA.

To Trevelyan, spelling it out in more detail, social history encompassed the human as well as the economic relations of different classes, the character of family and household life, the conditions of labour and leisure, the attitude of man towards nature, and the cumulative influence of all these subjects on culture, including religion, architecture, literature, music, learning and thought.

At colleges and universities across the nation, the Carnegie Unit became more commonly referred to as the credit hour. The common semester-long class became three credit hours. The average four-year degree was earned after completing 120 credit hours. Time and process were fixed, and outcomes of schooling were variable. All students were expected to learn the same things in the same period of time. The Carnegie Unit provided the architecture to make this system work.

Education at all levels is becoming more individualized, as students learn different subjects at different rates and learn best using different methods of instruction.

And, presumably, it was the first great intellectual base: the leading sociologists at Chicago transformed sociology into an empirical science, finally turning “sociology from social philosophy toward empirical research.”[4]

And, presumably, it was the first great intellectual base: the leading sociologists at Chicago transformed sociology into an empirical science, finally turning “sociology from social philosophy toward empirical research.”[4]