A revision of western Nearctic Species of Torymus Dalman (Hymenoptera, Torymidae

Parasitology

Euhaplorchis sp

Parasitoid fly induces manipulative grave-digging behaviour differentially across its bumblebee hosts. Animal Behaviour

Euderus crawfordii

The 24 head plugs from which no Euderus emerged did not produce any other adult parasitoids, suggesting that Euderus died inside of the chamber as in the two we found during dissections

escription of a new species of Euderus Haliday from the southeastern United States (Hymenoptera, Chalcidoidea, Eulophidae): the crypt-keeper wasp

Extreme diversity of tropical parasitoid wasps exposed by iterative integration of natural history, DNA barcoding, morphology, and collections

Revealing secret liaisons: DNA barcoding changes our understanding of food webs.

Revision of the genus EUDERUS of American north of Mexico

inquilines

Hymenoptera of the World: An Identification Guide to Families

First, we may find a “many manipulating specialists” scenario, in which many Euderus species attack North American oak gallers and each induces head plugs in its respective host. Second, we might find many “many specialists, few manipulators,” i.e., that several Euderus species may each attack one or a few gall wasp species, but only E. set – or a subset of species – induce the head-plugging phenotype. Third, E. set may be a lone “master manipulator,” attacking and inducing head plugs in several hosts. Or fourth, E. set may a “contingent manipulator,” attacking many oak gall wasp species but only inducing the head plugging phenotype in Bassettia galls. We consider “head-plugging” to be a relatively simple manipulation, as it requires the host to initiate a behavior it would have performed in its uninfected state, yet the parasitoid stops the behavior before completion. However, without knowing the mechanism through which this manipulation is achieved, it is difficult to favor one of the proposed hypotheses above the others.

parasites that manipulate their host’s behavior, the complexity of that manipulation may further limit the parasite’s host range