GLP-1, or glucagon-like peptide 1, is generated by enteroendocrine cells in the small intestine in response to food in the GI system and promotes satiety by interacting with the hypothalamus

gluconeogenesis and glycogenolysis in order to release glucose into the bloodstream and raise blood glucose levels.

Glucagon works via a G protein receptor

meaning

Golgi

ER

To do this,

even if it is in high amounts within our bloodstream

Anabolic peptide hormone

Common properties of insulin include:

-THE MORE YOU KNOW- (ACCEPT WITH MINOR EDITS)

alpha-helices with two domains N-domain and C-domain, and when the ligand binds

also,

Also,

We will focus on this type of transporter in this class.

different physiological conditions

Glucose transporters are proteins with many different types

promote

surface of the cell

that can be found

to tissues and different target cells.

from circulation

not relying on a concentration gradient,

ound on most cells

responsible for this:

Four different transmembrane transporters found on different cells are responsible for this:

our

measuring the amount of hemoglobin that is glycated, meaning how much of our hemoglobin is bound to glucose.

he way we physiologically do this is

requires the body to sense blood sugar levels quickl

Insulin is used throughout the body to increase cellular uptake of glucose to fuel cellular functions as well as increasing glycogenesis in the liver and skeletal muscle when Blood Glucose concentrations are high.

Before eating, a healthy individual’s blood glucose ranges from 70 to 99 mg/dl and up to 140 mg/dl after eating.

brain consumes most of it

One type of cell are the ɑ-cells, or Alpha cells, which aid in the secretion of glucagon. When blood sugar is low, glucagon is released by the Alpha cells, which in turn cause the liver to release glucose into the bloodstream. Other cells include 𝜷-cells, or Beta cells, for the secretion of Insulin when glucose levels in the bloodstream are too high. Insulin triggers the production of glucose into glycogen so that the sugar can be stored for later use.

acidity of the duodenum

exocrine functionality,

During embryonic development, the pancreas is formed from two separate masses (the dorsal and ventral pancreas), which converge to form the full pancreas. The dorsal pancreas develops into the body and tail of the pancreas, while the ventral pancreas develops into the head of the pancreas. All regions are responsible for housing vital cell types that synthesize and secrete various hormones and peptides through a ductal system that runs throughout the body of the pancreas.

directly connected

for efficient release of hormones to the body.

posterior to the stomach and liver, superior to the kidneys, and left of the gallbladder

Beta cells make insulin. This peptide hormone is released when the concentration of glucose is high.

Alpha cells are responsible for synthesizing glucagon, a peptide hormone secreted into the bloodstream when the concentration of glucose is low.

Fat-soluble toxins are converted into a water-soluble for

the blood of alcohol,

Amylases are enzymes that break down starches into simple sugars, while peptidases break down peptide chains into amino acids. Nucleases break down nucleotides into nucleic acids and lipases break down fats to fatty acids.

This sodium bicarbonate can also be secreted directly into the bloodstream.

cell/tissue

the pancreas does it all!

wide range of endocrine, exocrine, and paracrine functionality

which promotes glucose intake from the bloodstream – and glucagon – which promotes glucose release into the bloodstream. The opposing actions of the two hormones, insulin and glucagon, keeps physiological blood-sugar levels at a homeostatic state

The primary function of the pancreas is to regulate the release of insulin

by a rather small organ called the pancreas.

it could have disastrous consequences on our bodies.

Hormone Classification Categories:

Hormones can be classified in a number of different ways. One of those ways is by the proximity of their target cells or tissues, or in other words, by the type of cell signaling (Fig.1). Endocrine hormones travel to their targets through blood plasma over long distances. Paracrine hormones travel short distances to local targets. The target cells of autocrine hormones are the cells that secrete them. Exocrine hormones are unusual, in that they are secreted outside of an organism. One notable example of exocrine hormones are pheromones, which elicit responses from other organisms. These hormones are also called ectohormones.