should be left alone

e Ho

Under IGRA, tribal governments are obligated to invest 100 percent of net gaming revenues in ways that improve tribal welfare. The law requires that net revenues be used for five primary purposes

o play by the same rules as other Americans.

Money and power have long been tools of colonization

the blood requirement was struck down because it was extra- constitutional

Confederacy

The simple definition of blood quantum is the amount of “Indian blood” an individual possesses. It is a fraction of blood that is derived going back to the original enrollees of a tribe who were counted on Census rolls

Cherokee Confederates reunion,

The Government of the United States desires peace, and its honor is hereby pledged to keep it.

This gave tribes the right to manage or control Indian Health Service programs. Native nations have taken over many IHS facilities and have started their own health services.

accused of sterilizing at least 25 percent of Native women between the ages of 15 and 44.

protection for Native families from the abuses that had led to this crisis of Native child welfare.

Native motherhood itself became synonymous with unwed pregnancy.

LDS Indian Student Placement Program

T stands for Trachoma, S stands for Sulfanilamide.

only tribes who benefitted from this effort

They noted the poor living and sanitary conditions on reservations, inadequate diets, which resulted in higher rates of diseases (especially tuberculosis and trachoma), and higher infant and general mortality rates than the larger population.

gender

Wounded Knee

ere.

t here.

For the record, I am both Erin and Angela in this GIF

icultural), and girls as domestics. Apprenticeships essentially meant that young girls or boys would work with white families. By working in subordinate positions, they were viewed as being productive members of society (integrated to an extent, in the lowest, most marginalized positions). 

Boarding Schools

ues that while allotment had the potential to divide Cherokee families,

(Read name)______(white name).

s treaty shall be obligatory on the contracting parties as soon as the same shall be ratified by the President and Senate of the United Sta

ontemporary Native art

We’d Rather Fish than be on Welfare

Fishing Rights in the Pacific Northwest

RA aimed to protect Native people’s religions and lifestyles in a radical shift away from assimilation policies, and represented an open admission that the Dawes Act was a mistake

government agents also attempted to officially define and designate who tribal members were.

Allotment required the cataloguing and segmenting of both families and land

t, which included a number of felonies that the bill said now the federal government is going to step in and prosecute certain felonies that happen in Indian Country.

— have viewed Native women as less that human, as rape- able: people that are, you know, non- people; people that didn’t matter; people that needed to be done away with. Part of that colonial project, Native women have consistently, over the last five hundred years, seen very high rates of rape.

e Creek insisted on this additional protection when negotiating the Treaty of 1833, and in fact received a land patent pursuant to that treaty some 19 years later.

d: “They [the federal government] do not deny any of our rights under treaty, but say they will go to the people themselves and confer with them and urge upon them the necessity of a change in their present condition, and upon their refusal will force a change upon them.”

Capitalism has never been opposed to resistance or protest; much to the contrary, it has actually been driven by them.

pen to God’s salva-tion and grace

his story is very well known: federal authorities removed Indian children from their homes and families and sent them to harsh institutions far away, where they had their mouths washed out with soap for speaking their languages and had even worse forms of abuse inflicted upon them.

perfect correspondence in the current ideology of corporate capital and the world market. The ideology of the world market has always been the anti-foundational and anti-essentialist discourse par excellence. Circulation, mobility, diversity, and mixture are its very

The most problematic aspect of a modern/traditional distinction is, of course, its binary-oppositional character: that is, those things we identify as modern can often be discovered in what we call the traditional, and vice vers

The assimilation period was espe-cially bad, as Natives lived on reservations run like refugee camps and children were no longer being raised in their communities but in boarding schools. (Truly, a community without any children can be a dangerous and volatile place.)

which required Indian people to abandon communal lands for the adoption of new individual allotments: “private property.”

nuities” (including monies, agricultural implements, education, black-smiths, and assistance with paying off debts owed to traders), and these promises resulted in the arrival of new technologies, cultural practices, beliefs, and ways of living

he unjust host

For ferries, bridges and causeways, three thousand dollars, provided that the same shall become the property of the UnitedStates.For the payment of certain judgments obtained against the chiefs eight thousand !ve hundred and seventy dollars.For losses for which they suppose the United States responsible, seven thousand seven hundred and ten dollars.For the payment of improvements under the treaty of 1826 one thousand dollars.The three following annuities shall be paid for life.To Tuske-hew-haw-Cusetaw two hundred dollars.To the Blind Uchu King one hundred dollars.To Neah Mico one hundred dollars.

President Barack Obama shakes hands with Lisa Marie Iyotte (Lakota) at the signing of the Tribal Law and Order Act, 2010. (Photo: Obama White House Archives

Offenses by one Indian against another were usually handled by social and religious pressure and not by formal judicial processes; emphasis was on restitution rather than on punishment.”

dian Civil Rights Act

Wirt urged the Cherokees to use Corn Tassel’s case as a test case in the US Supreme Court, for the Cherokees to assert their status as an independent nation.

stay in Mississippi if they w

or sovereign

ey ignore you,Then they laugh at you,Then they fight you,Then you win

into accomplishing the accounting and defending the litigation.

n a 2005 decision

Because few Indians—many of whom could not speak English, much less write—had written wills, this usually meant that property descended to the heirs determined by state intestacy laws.

the bank and for financial literacy.

to become treasurer for the trib

r, it is worth noting that Marshall’s heroic defense of Indian rights to self- government in the United States relies heavily on the jurispathic force of a familiar racial stereotype of Indians as “warlike” savages

Worcester v. Georgia thus required the Supreme Court to address for the fi rst time the important legal question of whether it was the fed-eral government or an individual state that exercised the superior rights

Cherokee Nation, this long- established language of racism conveniently provides Marshall with the interpretive principle for understanding the Founders’ original intent toward Indian tribes in drafting Article III of the Constitution:

“domestic de-pendent nations” rather than “foreign nations

hat would enable the state to take control over the immensely valuable Indian lands within its borders and make them available to Georgia’swhite citizen farmers and plantation owners.

post- Brown contemporary racial sensibili-ties, or whether he really meant all the horrible, misinformed things he said about Indians in Johnson, however, are questions that are quite be-side the point that needs to be made about this foundational precedent of the Supreme Court’s Indian law.

Because of their savage “character and religion,” Indians were regarded as inferior peoples with lesser rights to land and territorial sovereignty under the European Law of Nations. They therefore could be lawfully conquered and colonized by any European- derived nation that desired to under-take the effort.19

is, without question, the most important In-dian rights opinion ever issued by any court of law in the United States

The Head-Men and Warriors of all the Cherokees, shall restore all the prisoners,citizens of the United States, or subjects of their allies, to their intire liberty: They shall alsorestore all the negroes, and all other property taken during the late war from the citizens, tosuch person, and at such time and place, as the commissioners shall a

Library of CongressArticles of a treaty, concluded at the mouth of the Great Miami, on the north-western bank of the Ohio, the thirty-first of January, onethousand seven hundred and eighty-six, between the commissioners plenipotentiary of the United States of America, of the one part,and the chiefs and warriors of the Shawanoe Nation of the other part. http://www.loc.gov/resource/bdsdcc.18101of the United States, or any of them, that nation shall deliver such offender, or offenders tothe officer commanding the nearest post of the United States, to be punished according tothe ordinances of Congress; and in like manner any citizen of the United States who shalldo an injury to any Indian of the Shawanoe nation, or to any other Indian Indians residingin their towns, a

HREE hostages shall be immediately delivered to the commissioners, to remainin the possession of the United States, until all the prisoners, white and black, taken in thelate war from among the citizens of the United States, by the Shawanoe nation, or by anyother Indian or Indians residing in their towns, shall be restore

in the 1994 American Indian Trust Management Act, legislation which required the Secretary of State to make a full accounting to each trust account holder each year. <img src="https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/570fe928c2ea518f457619ed/1602522938318-B2VEIIHMD8PEQC3MXD6H/ke17ZwdGBToddI8pDm48kIBg_0Ibv7A8m9q5Sr6wRDxZw-zPPgdn4jUwVcJE1ZvWEtT5uBSRWt4vQZAgTJucoTqqXjS3CfNDSuuf31e0tVHgDy_2D7YPJsmX7ctk-kC317Ma9zWn4IJcAs3sQcNuFgTd9VkOqQkRGOBLVmfxUP4/Elouise+Cobell.jpg" alt="Elouise Cobell (Blackfeet), lead plaintiff in Cobell v. Salazar" />

wardship was a foil for divesting Natives of land

“Indian Emancipation Act.”

Policymakers and reformers reasoned that if Natives were forced to give up communal land ownership and assume individual property rights, they would become “civilized” and easily assimilated into the American citizenry

European nation who “discovered” Indian-occupied land the right of acquiring that land and making settlements on it, it did not operate in any way to interfere with tribes’ preexisting rights of self-government.

n without a license to do so. The defendants, Samuel Worcester and Elizur Butler, were working on Cherokee lands with the permission of the Cherokee Nation. They lacked any state license and were convicted in a trial and sentenced to four years of hard labor in the state penitentiar

Indian Removal Act, 1830

despite treaty provisions which obligated the US to defend the tribes from encroachment and state interference in their affairs.

Native people were also denied the right to testify in court on their own behalf. This

n Alabama, the general assembly passed laws in 1827, 1828, and 1829, which extended the state’s legal authority into all of the Creek Nation, with the proviso that no Indian would enjoy ‘any political or civil rights’ under state law. In 1832, they passed a law which prohibited the functioning of Creek national gove

The Johnson case stemmed from the conflicts surrounding land that had been ceded to the United States by Great Britain after the Revolutionary War.

n 2012.

Instead, current citizens of the Five Tribes today exercise the privileges ofdual citizenship and have the opportunity to participate in state and federal elections, inaddition to tribal participation.

Tribes have been successful in conflicts with the State of Oklahoma withrespect to tribal property rights,4 4 state and tribal taxation authority,4 5 and in the exerciseof tribal police powers to the exclusion of state criminal jurisdictio

Most commentators rightfully praise the tribal leaders for their resilience ininitiating the Sequoyah movement, noting that these were true statesmen earnestly tryingto do the best for their nations in light of dreadful circumstances.

"an inseparable part of the Federal Union

Following thePresident's remarks, no action was taken in Congress with respect to Sequoyahstatehood.12 The majority adopted the single state option,13 and the Sequoyahmovement was defeated, paving the way for Oklahoma statehood in 1907

The new state would envelope thetreaty-guaranteed territorial boundaries of the Five Tribes, geographically bordered byTexas to the south, Arkansas to the east, Kansas and Missouri to the north, and the

No religious test shall ever be required as a qualification to any office of public trust in this Territory.

That all political power is inherent in the people, and all free governments are founded on their authority and instituted for their benefit; and they shall have at all times the inalienable right to alter, reform, or abolish their form of government as may be lawfully provided for

ve been preying upon us continual-ly. We tell them to stop, but it does no good. Then the

his Council will do a great deal of good to the Indians of the Plains. I promise you that as soon as I get home I will see them and tell them of all the good talk I have heard here.

The Government of the United States seeing the great pressure that could be brought to bear on us, standing singly, has provided for us the means to unite.

them something good here in this country. Now, I want you to tell in Washington, that the man

"VY hen we had a good start there, and doing well, the citizens of Palo Pinto and Earth counties, who wanted our reserve, came upon us, and made war against us, causing us to lose the greatest portion of the property we had.

n, I am sure would do perfectly right by me, but that is not it, I want to understand what is going o

Agent Miles has treated the Indians well, and very kindly, and I have made peace with all the red brothers of the plains.

eater progress on the part of my people

Our young men were treat-ed very kindly by the soldiers, and the subsistence derived from the military at Port Sill, was a great help to us in getting through the dreary winter that has just passed.

They have tables and chairs. They wear citizen clothes, quit blankets. They think it best to settle and improve. We want a deed for our reservation, that our places may go to our chil-dren, when the old people are gone. We do not want the land to be taken from our children.

What imaginary spectre was therein the constitutionto frighten those who are candid and just enough toadmit that all will be well if we are allowed to go onin our own way?

the officers ofwhich should be chosen by the Indians from their ownrace, practically independent of the United StatesGovernment but operating under its sanction

Nations are all against it.It appears to have been taken for granted, thatif the Indian Government had ever gone into operation,it would have been permitted to go on; -- if not so,then all this cry about a barbaric dominion surroundedby a Chinese wall was but an idle waste of breath.

f the Indian nations, over whom theOkmulgee Constitution was designed to operate wereenemies and not friends of the Federal Government --if their life was one of war and not of peace -- ifthey rejected civilization instead of fostering andseeking it -- if they were powerful instead of bein

THE OKMULGEE CONSTITUTION

nd whereas the United States are engaged in a just and necessary war, in defence and support of life, liberty and independence, against the King of England and his adherents, and as said King is yet possessed of several posts and forts on the lakes and other places

That all offences or acts of hostilities by one, or either of the contracting parties against the other, be mutually forgiven, and buried in the depth of oblivion, never more to be had in remembrance.

any eligible Native voters refused to ratify the Okmulgee Constitution

The Okmulgee Constitution was patterned after the US Constitution

That to establish a right to the lands claimed by the Indians, by virtue of an implied conquest, will require the constant employment of a large body of troops, or the utter extirpation of the Indians. That circumstanced as they are at present, being in alliance with, and favorably treated by, the British government, the doctrine of conquest is so repugnant to their feelings, that rather than submit thereto, they would prefer continual war.”

If the Delawares had immediately petitioned for statehood, it would have possibly given them a lot of power to broker federal relationships with the Native nations to the west

Many neutral tribes found that as the Revolution progressed, they were left with little choice but to choose. If they sided with the British, and the British lost, they could expect land confiscation. But what if they sided with the Americans?

not even a second Chinese wall, unless guarded by a million soldiers, could prevent the settlement of the Lands on the Ohio and its dependencies.”

Militant factions of different tribes coming as far as the Senecas in New York, the Chippewas in Minnesota and Natives from Illinois came together to remove the British from posts recently occupied by the French

eport cards are bad enough, but the destructive effects reported by researchers (on interest in learning, preference for challenge, and quality of thinking) are compounded when students are rated on what they do in school day after day. 

the more students are led to focus on how well they’re doing, the less engaged they tend to be with what they’re doing.

“gradi