Post-feminist media culture reduces Blackness to a visualcharacteristic devoid of political or historical meaning, thus allowing Black women tobe portrayed in line with post-feminism’s traditionally white visions of femininity.
black means nothing in post-feminist media, eliminating historical and political meaning
Such animosity between Black men and women interferes with the consolidation of the Black solidarity so critical to racial justice efforts in eras past.
Disagreements between black men and women hinder civil rights attempts
hosen nomenclature. It is evident that in the process of assimilation, all of the young Ethiopian immigrants with whom I spoke preferred to be Americanized into the mainstream society rather than into the native Black comm
ethiopians prefer to identify with mainstream america over black culture
5). Self-identification as a group and acknowledgment of differ- ences among groups, often labeled "multiculturalism,' has become increasingly ac- ceptable, replacing the obligation to adhere to a supposedly homogeneous mainstream American cultur
ethnicity is more fluid
But what you'really' see is White culture-I guess that's what
American is more than white, but white is what is portrayed in the media
02). Milestones in immigration legislation that had a significant impact on the flow of immigrants from Africa include the Refugee Act of 1980 and the Diversity Visa Program of the Immigration Act of 1990o
immigration legislaiton
socio- economic mobility, acquisition of host-country linguistic skills, and greater spatial assimilation with the fading of residential clustering by ethnicity and movement to the suburbs among the measures of assimilation used by immigration scho
measures of assimilation
imilation is a multifaceted and complex process with economic, social, and cultural ramifications that are closely intertwined. I
there is not one direct path for assimilation
The ideal home was a space characterised by a neat division of labour and the enactmentof gender roles that assumed the subordination of wives under the authority of theirhusbands.
women=subordinates
By highlighting problems such as the meltingof make-up in hot weather, or the lack of matching skin-tone options on the market,Atico hoped to appeal to local women’s needs.
appealing to women's needs meant discussing beauty and makeup
In addition, through the press,the state reflected images of Western-style homes and housewife/breadwinner mod-els back to Western audiences in hopes of securing aid and convincing donors toinvest.
traditional stereotypes were a way of getting conservative donors to invest
Male sponsors criticised past exhibitions organised bywomen’s groups as too ‘individualistic’, failing to advise consumers on how properlyto use and display home goods.
men wanted the exhibition to encourage women to follow traditional gender stereotypes
been the main focus of gender his-toriography for Ghana, and Africa in general.13These studies have emphasised howcolonial institutions, wage labour, urbanisation and an expanding cash economy haveshaped gender relations and ideas about marriage, family and domestic life.
institutions largely effect gender roles and stereotypes in Ghana and Africa in general
mostly black immigrants are put in the same cat- egory as native-born blacks and dis- criminated against accordingly.
black immigrants and black natives are discriminated against in the same way
From the standpoint of second-generation outcomes, the existence of a large but downtrodden coethnic community may be even less desirable than no community at all.
a poor coethnic community might not be desirable to second wave immigrants
Third, and most important, are the resources made available through networks in the coethnic community.
network theory
changes in the host economy that have led to the evaporation of occupational ladders for intergenerational mobility.
host cultures have lost the crucial institutions that allow for immigrants to climb economically
mi- grants and the native poor-as the same in the eyes of the majority.
immigrants and the native poor are grouped into the same category of prejudice
social environment, marked by dif- ferent values and prejudices, that physical features become redefined as a handicap.
moving into a new area or society creates prejudices
adopting the outlooks and cultural ways of the native-born does not represent, as in the past, the first step toward social and economic mobility but may lead to the exact opposite.
Adopting the norms might lead to poor economic and social standing
A common message is the devaluation of education as a vehicle for advance- ment of all black youths, a message that directly contradicts the immi- grant parents' expectations.
try to teach them that education is not important??
are as likely to attend private schools, as unlikely to be dropouts, and as likely
does immigration have nothing to do with it?
its diversified industrial labor requirements offered to the sec- ond generation the opportunity to move up gradually through better- paid occupations while remaining part of the working class.
people could more easily move up through occupations while still remaining members of the working class; this has gone away in recent years
their skin color reduced a major bar- rier to entry into the American main- stream. For this reason, the process of assimilation depended largely on individual decisions to leave the im- migrant culture behind and embrace American ways.
negative assimilation, people with darker complexions do not have the same luxury
subject to conflicting pressure from parents and peers and to pervasive outside discrimination.
experienced both pressure from within and discrimination from outside sources
the five focus areas offer affordable housing, arelocated along major transportation arteries, are largely perceived as safeareas with good schools, and have grown as immigrant destinationsthrough social networks.
reasons immigrants chose the DC suburbs
Previous research has clearly shown the impor-tance of immigrant ties in determining residential location.
reasons immigrants settle in suburbs
Another reason why immigrants tend to cluster in these edge gatewaysmay be because of their residential preferences, or more specifically, theiravoidance of black neighborhoods.
why immigrants settled in the suburbs
Access to major transportation corridors and public transportation isanother significant feature of the edge gateways.
reasons why immigrants settled in suburbs
There are several reasons why immigrants are settling in the suburbsand in edge gateways in particular. One important reason is housingaffordability.
why immigrants settled in the suburbs
(1) visible expressions of racial hostility, including mobbing and attackson private property, (2) the activation of community-based organizations that sought legal means of protecting the neighborhood’s racial homogeneity, and (3) the departure of whites from the residential area.
3 responses to african american immigration
permeability characterized white neighborhood boundaries when they were occupied by diverse groups of European immigrants and their descendants disappeared in the twentieth century in response to the first and second waves of the Great Migration of African Americans from the South to the urban North and West.
it became more difficult for immigrants to integrate into white neighborhoods when they were african american immigrants
Immigrants who arrived in the United States with relatively few resources but urban destinations tended to settle in neighborhoods inhabited by other immigrants, some from their home regions and some from elsewhere inEurope.
settled with people from the same region or area
They particularly prized areas inhabited by familiar people whose social networks would help them to obtain work.
work often determined migration location
Often the definition of such neighborhoods was based on the extent of settlement in an area by people who shared an ethnic affiliation; the neighborhood, in short, was the area within which members of a particular immigrant group and their descendants lived in proximity to each other
often based on ethnic groups who settled together
the imagery keeps alive some of the hoariest old stereotypes about weak damsels in distress and their strong male rescuers
want to make it seem natural
Clearly, this evidence shows that the egg and sperm do interact on more mutual terms, making biology's refusal to portray them that way all the more disturbin
even biology is biased towards men
"egg is not merely a large, yolk-filled sphere into which the sperm burrows to endow new life. Rather, recent research suggests the almost heretical view that sperm and egg are mutually active partners
like a good relationship
The egg traps the sperm and adheres to it so tightly that the sperm's head is forced to lie flat against the surface of the zona
egg in charge
A look at language-in this case, scientific language-provides the first clue
VERY INTERESTING!!! The language we use to describe the actions contributes to the stigma behind them
she wastes only around two hundred eggs. For every baby a man produces, he wastes more than one trillion (1012) sperm
why can men waste but women cant??????
dogged insistence on casting female processes in a negative light
the sperm production is valued because it begins at puberty and continues through life whereas egg production is not because it ends after birth
scientists could begin to describe male and female processes as homologou
having the same structure
remarkable cellular transforma- tion from spermatid to mature sperm remain uncertain .... Perhaps the most amazing characteristic of spermatogenesis is its sheer mag- nitude
seen as amazing because it relates to males, not females
By extolling the female cycle as a productive enterprise, menstruation must necessarily be viewed as a failure
menstruation, a normal human function, is seen as annoying
Immigrants inthe Districtcontribute hundreds of millions ofdollars in yearly taxes.
contrary to popular belief, immigrants do actually pay taxes
Nearlythree in fiveadult immigrants had a college degree or more education in 2015, while one-fifthhad less than a high school diploma.
extremely educated population
El Salvador(15.3percent of immigrants), China(4.9percent), Ethiopia(4.7percent), Mexico(4percent), and India(3.9percent).
El Salvador immigrants make up the majority of the immigrant population
The District of Columbia (D.C.) has a sizable community of immigrants, much of whichemigrated from El Salvador. Over 14 percent of D.C.’spopulation was born in another country,
Many immigrants from El Salvador, 14 percent of the DC population